Btr 80 year of release. Armament of domestic armored personnel carriers. Perhaps you will be interested

In the mid-1950s, it became clear that the classic three-axle chassis with solid axles and spring-balance suspension of the rear bogie as the basis for an armored personnel carrier had exhausted its capabilities. After mastering large-section tires with adjustable pressure, all other activities, except perhaps for work on self-locking cross-axle differentials, gave little. New, very high requirements for armored personnel carriers of the second post-war generation could only be implemented in fundamentally different, much more complex, but also more efficient schemes, solutions and specific units. These included: extended "tank" gauge; uniform or close to it arrangement of six or eight wheels on the base with four wheels driven; sharply increased total power of power units in order to obtain a specific power of the machine of at least 18 - 20 hp / t; multi-stage transmissions with large power ranges; self-locking cross-axle differentials; wheel gears that increase ground clearance up to 450 - 500 mm; independent suspension of all wheels with large strokes; hydraulic power steering; sealed brakes; closed hulls with smooth bottoms that can keep the car afloat; water movers; turret installation of light and heavy machine guns with the ability to conduct anti-aircraft fire; armored hulls with a large slope of thickened (up to 15 - 20 mm) frontal and side plates; anti-nuclear protection of the crew and troops; the possibility of air transportation.

Appendix to the magazine "MODEL CONSTRUCTION"

In the early 1980s, after successful factory and state armament tests Soviet army The BTR-80 armored personnel carrier was adopted, developed at the GAZ Design Bureau under the leadership of I.S. Mukhin and E.M. Murashkin. AMZ - Arzamas Machine-Building Plant was determined as the manufacturing enterprise. The first serial BTR-80 left the factory floor on February 24, 1984.

The BTR-80 (GAZ-5903) is a modernized version of its predecessor, the BTR-70 armored personnel carrier. The layout of the machine, the design of the hull, armament, chassis - have not undergone major changes. The dimensions of the car remained practically the same. By the way, when evaluating them, the correctness of the comparison is necessary. So, in some directories, the height of the BTR-70 is indicated as 2235 mm, and the BTR-80 - 2460 mm. In the first case, this is the height of the vehicle at full weight on the roof of the tower, in the second case, the height of an empty vehicle according to the TNPT-1 instrument. The height of the armored personnel carriers with a full weight according to the indicated observation device is 2320 and 2350 mm, respectively. The notable external differences of the BTR-80 include double doors for landing and disembarking troops in the sides of the hull and seven hatches with ball bearings for firing from personal weapons in its frontal and side sheets. The hatches above the troop compartment are also located differently, in the covers of which there are hatches for firing from machine guns at high targets.

All BTR-80 serial armored personnel carriers are equipped with the BPU-1 autonomous turret machine gun mount, designed to combat ground and low-flying air targets. The BPU-1 is equipped with a 14.5 mm KPVT machine gun and a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun coaxial with it. The greatest aiming range when firing from a KPVT machine gun at ground targets is 2000 m, from PKT - 1500 m, at air from KPVT - 1000 m. 8 boxes. Pointing machine guns vertically is possible in the range from -4° to +60°, horizontally - 360°. Guidance mechanisms - manual. For firing, the 1PZ-2 sight is used, which ensures the defeat of both ground and air targets. To the left of the sight, in the wall of the turret machine-gun mount, there is a TNP-205 observation device, and in the roof - a TNPT-1 device, designed to monitor the road and terrain located in the rear viewing sector by the turret gunner. On the aft wall of the tower there are 6 launchers ZD6 of the 902V Tucha system for launching 81-mm smoke grenades. Weight BPU-1 in running order is 540 kg.

The most important and fundamental changes in the design of the BTR-80 remained invisible to the eye. Unlike the BTR-70, the power plant on this machine consists of one diesel 8-cylinder V-shaped four-stroke liquid-cooled engine KamAZ-7403 with a turbocharger supercharged power of 260 hp. at 2600 rpm, working volume 10 850 cm 3 .

1 - wave-reflective shield; 2,11 and 12 - loopholes for firing from machine guns; 3 - inspection hatches for the commander and driver; 4 - covers of inspection hatches; 5 - socket of the observation device TKN-3; 6 - nests of the observation device TNPO-115; 7 - hatch tower installation; 8 and 9 - handrails; 10 - loophole for firing a machine gun; 13 - upper leaf of the side hatch door; 14 - HVU filter manhole cover; 15 and 20 - towing hooks; 16 and 18 - steps; 17 - lower leaf of the side hatch door; 19 - headlight guard; 21 - hatch cover for the issuance of the winch cable; 22 - front buffers

1 - rear light socket; 2 - air outlet protective shields; 3 - hatch tower installation; 4 - loophole for firing a machine gun: 5 and 6 - handrails; 7,9 and 11 - loopholes for firing from machine guns; 8 and 14 - steps; 10 - upper leaf of the side hatch door; 12 - lower leaf of the side hatch door; 13 - niche cover for batteries; 15 - output channel of reverse gear afloat; 16 - pin of the towing device; 17 - damper of the water-jet propulsion unit: 18 - visor of the outlet pipe of the bilge electric pump; 19 - fuel tank filler cap; 20 - rear buffer

The placement of one engine instead of two led to changes in the design of the transmission units. It includes a dry double disc clutch, a five-speed gearbox with synchronizers in 2, 3, 4 and 5 gears, a cardan drive. Instead of two transfer boxes, one interaxle two-stage one was installed with differential torque distribution to two streams (on the 1st - 3rd and on the 2nd - 4th axles) and forced differential lock. Locking devices provide downshifting and locking the center differential only when the front axles are engaged. In order to avoid damage when overloading the transmission elements (with a locked differential), there is a friction clutch in the transfer case - a limiting torque clutch. A power take-off box for a jet propulsion unit and a winch is mounted on the transfer case. The main gears of the drive axles are with limited-slip cam differentials. Wheel reducers - single-stage, with helical spur gears. Wheels with split rims and tubeless bulletproof pneumatic tires KI-80 or KI-126 in sizes 13.00-18. Tire pressure is adjustable from 0.5 to 3 kg/cm2.

1 - console clamp; 2 - console; 3 - cover of the input window; 4 - sight; 5 - withdrawal spring of the KPVT reloading mechanism; 6 - observation device TNPT-1; 7 - roller; 8 - cable; 9 - launcher of the 902B system; 10 - cradle stopper bracket in the stowed position; 11 - spring; 12 - cradle stopper; 13 - sleeve link collector; 14 - handle buffer; 15 - handle of the KPVT reloading mechanism; 16 - link collector; 17 - mask seal plug; 18 - balancing mechanism; 19 - turning mechanism; 20 - flame arrester; 21 - cradle stop bar

CO-squad leader; MV - driver mechanic: CH - gunner-gunner BPU-1; SP - machine gunners with PC machine guns; SA - submachine gunners with AKMS submachine guns (AKS-74); SG - grenade launcher; PG - shooter-assistant grenade launcher; AA - loopholes for firing from an AKMS assault rifle (LKS-74); AP - loopholes for firing from a PK machine gun

Independent torsion bar suspension, hydraulic, telescopic, double-acting shock absorbers, two each for the wheels of the 1st and 4th axles and one each for the wheels of the 2nd and 3rd axles, wheels of the 1st and 2nd axles - managed.

The power plant allows a combat vehicle weighing 13.6 tons to reach a maximum speed on the highway of at least 80 km / h. Cruising on the highway - 600 km.

Movement through the water is provided by the operation of a single-stage water-jet propulsion unit with a four-bladed impeller with a diameter of 425 mm. The exit window of the water jet when moving on land is closed by an armored damper. When driving through water, closing the damper directs water into the reverse channels. The maximum speed afloat is not less than 9 km/h. Power reserve afloat at average operating conditions of the engine (1800 - 2200 rpm) - 12 hours.

After a fire at the KamAZ engine plant in April 1993, an installation of a YaMZ-238M2 diesel engine with a power of 240 hp was developed on an armored personnel carrier, which had almost no effect on the mobility of the vehicle.

On machines of early releases, radio stations R-123M and TPU R-124 were installed, later replaced by R-163-50U and R-174.

In 1994, the armored personnel carrier BTR-80A (GAZ-59029) was adopted. Work on the creation of this machine was carried out by GAZ JSC under the leadership of A. Masyagin. The main difference between the new modification and the BTR-80 is the turret cannon-machine gun mount, designed to combat ground and low-flying air targets. The mount contains a 30 mm 2A72 automatic cannon and a coaxial PKT machine gun. Vertical pointing angles from -5° to +70°. Ammunition - 300 shells and 2000 cartridges. All weapons are placed on a gun carriage, placed outside the habitable compartment, which reduces its gas contamination when firing. The BTR-80A is equipped with a 1PZ-9 day sight and a TPN-3-42 Kristall tank night sight, which allows hitting targets at a distance of up to 900 m at night. The combat weight of the vehicle has increased to 14.5 tons.

Simultaneously with the BTR-80A, the BTR-80S was developed - a variant for internal troops. Instead of a 30 mm cannon, it is equipped with a KPVT heavy machine gun. True, due to the lack of photographs of this combat vehicle, it is difficult to say whether it is mass-produced.

Since 1990, the self-propelled artillery gun (SAO) 2S23 "Nona-SVK" has been supplied to the troops.

The BTR-80 chassis was used as a base for its creation. The 120 mm 2A60 rifled gun is mounted in a conical welded aluminum alloy turret. The horizontal guidance angle is 70° (35° per side). Vertical guidance is possible in the range from -4 ° to + 80 °. Maximum rate of fire - 10 rds / min. Shooting from the SAO can only be carried out from a place both from closed firing positions and direct fire with 120-mm rounds with high-explosive fragmentation shells and 120-mm rounds with high-explosive fragmentation, lighting, smoke and incendiary mines. The maximum firing range of the ZVOF54 high-explosive fragmentation projectile is 8700 m, the high-explosive fragmentation mine is 7100 m. The machine gun is connected by a rod to the TKN-ZA device, which makes it possible to conduct aimed shooting by controlling fire from the turret. The machine is equipped with a smoke screen system 902V "Cloud".

As for other modifications of the BTR-80, first of all it is worth mentioning the commander's armored personnel carrier BTR-80K, designed for the commander of a motorized rifle battalion. There are three workplaces for the work of officers. The machine is equipped with two R-163-50U radio stations, an 11-m telescopic mast, TNA-4-6 navigation equipment with an indicator tablet, and two R-159 remote VHF radio stations.

The armored medical vehicle BMM-80 (GAZ-59039) "Symphony" deserves mention. In addition to the crew, it is possible to transport 7 wounded in the medical department and 2 on the roof on a stretcher. Depending on the composition of the medical and sanitary equipment, the BMM can be used to evacuate the wounded from the battlefield (BMM-1), as a battalion first-aid post (BMM-2) and a mobile dressing room with a medical team and an auto-dressing complex AP-2 (BMM-3 ).

In addition, the BTR80KSh (GAZ-59032) command and control vehicle, the BREM-K (GAZ-59033) armored repair and recovery vehicle, the RHM-4 (RHM-4-01) radiation and chemical reconnaissance vehicle, unified chassis K1Sh1, short-wave radio station of the operational-tactical control level R-165B, mobile control posts PU-12M6 and PU-12M7 of the SAM battery, mobile command and observation post PKNP "Kushetka-B", satellite communication station and sound broadcasting station.

The armored personnel carriers BTR-80 began to enter service with the motorized rifle units of the Soviet Army, the marines of the Navy, the border and internal troops in the mid-1980s. For the first time at a military parade in Moscow, they were shown on November 7, 1987.

BTR-80s were used by Soviet troops in Afghanistan, were used in almost all "hot" spots in the territory and the CIS. Armored personnel carriers BTR-80 of various modifications are used by the Russian Army in Chechnya and Tajikistan. They were in service with the Russian contingents of UN forces in Bosnia and Kosovo.

BTR-80s are in service in almost all CIS countries, as well as in Estonia (20 units), Hungary (245), Turkey (100), Indonesia (12 BTR-80A), Bangladesh (78) and Sierra Leone. According to unverified data, 60 vehicles were delivered to Algeria and 10 to North Korea.

Steps to modernize the BTR-80 are also being taken abroad. In particular, in Ukraine, the BTR-94 armored personnel carrier is mass-produced (or converted from the BTR-80), armed with two 23-mm cannons (according to other sources, 14.5-mm KPVT machine guns) in the original turret installation. The armed forces of Ukraine received 90 such vehicles, another 50 were sold to Jordan in 2003. True, Jordan recently handed over all these armored personnel carriers to Iraq, possibly due to their low quality, which was reported in the press.

A more successful design turned out to be the Guardian armored personnel carrier - a version of the BTR-80, equipped with a Deutz BF6M1015 diesel engine with an HP 326 power. and automatic transmission Allison MD3066.

The vehicle has a Shkval combat module with a 30-mm 2A72 automatic cannon, a PKT machine gun, an AGS-17 Flame automatic grenade launcher, and two ATGMs. The Marine Corps of the United Arab Emirates received 90 such vehicles.

The BTR-80 is the latest serial version of a vast family of domestic armored personnel carriers. With regret, it must be admitted that little has changed in its design over the years since the creation of the BTR-60. After more than 40 years, the Russian Army receives a vehicle that is not much different from the BTR-60PB. Cardinal changes affected only the engine-transmission unit, everything else was modernized, of course, but, by and large, remained the same. The car, of course, is reliable, maneuverable, with excellent cross-country ability, and also floating.

But what most of all, according to the author, needed to be revised - the layout - remained unchanged. The so-called "active landing force", of course, has many advantages, but this arrangement is more suitable for an infantry fighting vehicle that has a slightly different range of tasks.

As follows from the Treaty on the Limitation of Armed Forces in Europe (CFE Treaty), signed in Vienna in 1990, the term "armored personnel carrier" means "an armored combat vehicle designed and equipped to transport a combat infantry squad, which, as a rule, is armed with an integrated or standard installed weapons of caliber less than 20 mm. So - for transportation, and not for fighting without dismounting. The latter refers already to the term "infantry fighting vehicle", which "usually provides the landing force with the opportunity to fire from the vehicle under the cover of armor." But it is precisely the desire to provide this opportunity that is clearly seen in the design of the Soviet armored personnel carriers under consideration, reaching its apogee in the BTR-80 with ball mounts for firing automatic weapons, in addition, located in such a way that the fire is concentrated in the front hemisphere. When signing the CFE Treaty, the BTR-80 did not fall under the category of infantry fighting vehicles solely because of its weapons, the caliber of which was less than 20 mm, but the BTR-80A already falls.

Soviet armored personnel carrier, designed in the early 80s as a development of the BTR-70 armored personnel carrier, taking into account the shortcomings identified in the Afghan war. The BTR-80 entered serial production in 1984, and, having been repeatedly upgraded, as of 2012, it still continues to be produced. The latest BTR-80 models, equipped with enhanced weapons, are classified by many experts as wheeled infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs). It was used by Soviet troops in the Afghan war, and since the 1990s has become the main armored personnel carrier of the Armed Forces of Russia, as well as a number of other former Soviet republics, and has been used in almost all major armed conflicts in the post-Soviet space. It was actively sold and currently continues to be exported, in total, as of 2011, the BTR-80 is in service with about 26 states.

History of creation and production

By the beginning of the 1980s, the main armored personnel carrier of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union was the BTR-70 launched into mass production in 1976. The experience of their use soon showed that, despite serious improvements compared to the BTR-60, many of the main shortcomings and shortcomings of the predecessor passed to it almost without corrections and changes. One of them was a rather complex and very unreliable design of the power plant from twin carburetor engines, which also had increased fuel consumption and a number of other disadvantages compared to a diesel engine. A very unsatisfactory landing and landing of troops and crew remained a serious problem; compared to the BTR-60, it was only slightly improved. As the Afghan war showed, the security of the car was also unsatisfactory. In addition, problems with a new design jet propulsion system were added to the BTR-70, it was often clogged afloat with algae, peat slurry, etc.

To eliminate these shortcomings, the GAZ-5903 armored personnel carrier was created in the design bureau of the Gorky Automobile Plant under the leadership of I. Mukhin and E. Murashkin in the early 1980s. While leaving the layout of the BTR-70 unchanged, the new vehicle differed from it in many improvements. For example, instead of a pair of carburetor engines, one diesel engine of greater power was supplied; for landing and disembarking, large double-leaf hatches were equipped in the sides of the hull. The hull itself is 115mm taller and longer, and 100mm wider, but the overall height of the machine is only 30mm higher. Subsequent development sought to give the crew and troops the ability to fire from under the protection of the armor, for this, the shooting ports in the sides of the hull were replaced by ball mounts deployed towards the front hemisphere. The booking of the armored personnel carrier was slightly increased, but still the weight of the GAZ-5903 increased by 18% compared to the BTR-70, from 11.5 to 13.6 tons, but in general the mobility of the vehicle remained unchanged, and the cruising range only increased. After successfully passing state tests, the GAZ-5903 was adopted by the USSR Armed Forces in 1986 and received the name BTR-80.

Description

The BTR-80 has a layout with the placement of the control compartment in the frontal, combined landing and combat - in the middle, and the engine-transmission compartment - in the rear of the vehicle. The crew of the BTR-80 consists of three people: the commander of the squad (machine), the driver and the gunner; coma of them, an armored personnel carrier can take on board a landing force of 7 fighters.

Armored corps and turret

The BTR-80 has a weakly differentiated (classification term for the design of armored ground combat vehicles. A combat vehicle has differentiated armor protection if its body is equipped with armor of unequal thickness in its various parts. As a rule, the thickest and most durable armor is equipped in places most exposed to enemy fire - forehead or the entire front end of the vehicle.The sides and stern are equipped with less thick armor.) Bulletproof armor protection. The armored body of the conveyor is made by welding from rolled sheets of homogeneous armor steel with a thickness of 5 to 9 mm. Most of the vertical armor plates of the BTR-80, with the exception of the lower side and aft ones, are installed with fairly significant angles of inclination. The armored hull of all BTR-80s has a streamlined shape, which significantly increases its navigability and is equipped with a folding wave-reflecting shield that fits in the stowed position on the middle frontal hull sheet, thus slightly increasing its protection.

In the frontal part of the hull there is a control compartment, in which, on the left and right, respectively, there are a driver and an armored personnel carrier commander. Behind him is the landing squad, made together with the combat one. Six paratroopers in the aft part of the troop compartment are placed in it on two longitudinal plastic seats in the center, sitting facing the board. In the front, immediately behind the driver's and commander's seats, there are two single seats for the remaining members of the landing party, while the right seat is deployed along the vehicle to allow firing, and the left one, occupied by a member of the landing party, becomes a tower shooter in combat conditions , turned back to the board. Near the seats of all members of the landing, in addition to the tower gunner, there are eight ball mounts on the sides with horizontal aiming angles from + ... -15 to + ... -25 degrees. designed for shooting from personal weapons. The ball mounts are turned in the direction of the front hemisphere, as a result of which the rear hemisphere is a dead zone for paratroopers, there is also a small dead zone in the front left. Also, two more hatches for shelling the upper hemisphere, without ball mounts, are equipped in landing hatches in the roof.

The BTR-80, like its predecessors, is equipped with two rectangular landing hatches in the roof, but still the main means of disembarkation and landing on it are large double-leaf side doors located immediately behind the turret. The upper cover of the side door folds forward along the vehicle, and the lower one folds down and becomes a step, which, unlike its predecessors, allowed landing and disembarking troops from the BTR-80 while moving. The driver and commander, as in previous models of armored personnel carriers, have two individual semicircular hatches, which are located above their jobs. In addition, the BTR-80 body is equipped with a number of hatches and hatches that served to access the engine, transmission and winch units.

Armament

The armament of the BTR-80 is a twin installation of a 14.5 mm KPVT machine gun and a 7.62 mm PKT. The installation is equipped on trunnions in the frontal part of the tower, its guidance in the vertical plane, within? 4 ... + 60 degrees, is done manually using a screw mechanism, horizontal guidance is performed by rotating the tower. The aiming of machine guns at the target was done using a 1PZ-2 periscopic monocular optical sight, which had a variable magnification of 1.2x or 4x with a field of view of 49 degrees and 14 degrees, respectively, and allowed fire from the KPVT at a distance of up to 2000 meters at ground targets and 1000 m against air targets, and from PKT - up to 1500 meters against ground targets. KPVT specialized in combating lightly armored and unarmored enemy vehicles, as well as low-flying air targets, this machine gun has an ammunition load of 500 rounds in 10 tapes, equipped with armor-piercing incendiary bullets B-32, armor-piercing tracer BZT, armor-piercing incendiary, with a carbide core tungsten, BST, incendiary RFP and instantaneous incendiary MDZ. PKT, on the other hand, specialized in defeating enemy manpower and fire weapons and has an ammunition load of 2000 rounds in 8 belts.

Means of observation and communication

The driver and commander of the BTR-80 in the daytime in non-combat conditions monitor the area through two hatches closed by windshields located in the upper frontal armor plate of the hull. In combat conditions, as well as when moving at night, they monitor the terrain through various types of periscope viewing devices. The driver on the vehicles of early releases had three TNPO-115 periscope viewing devices for viewing the front sector, on the vehicles of the subsequent series, another TNPO-115 was added to them, equipped in the left upper zygomatic armor plate of the hull. At night, the central of the forward-facing devices was replaced by a TVNE-4B periscopic binocular passive night vision device, which worked by enhancing natural light, or by backlighting with a FG125 headlight with an infrared light filter. The field of view of the device along the horizon was 36 degrees, vertically - 33 degrees, and the range of vision under normal conditions was 60 meters when illuminated by a headlight and 120 meters with natural illumination of 5 10? 3 lux (Lux (from Latin lux - light; Russian designation: lux, international designation: lx) - a unit of illumination in the International System of Units (SI)).

The main means of observation for the commander of the machine is a combined binocular periscopic electro-optical viewing device TKN-3 with day and passive night channels. TKN-3 has a magnification of 5x for the daytime and 4.2x for the night channel, with a field of view of 10 degrees and 8 degrees, respectively. The equipment of the device allowed its rotation within +...-50 degrees. horizontally and swing within? 13 - + 33 degrees. in the vertical plane. An OU-3GA2M searchlight with a removable infrared light filter was combined with the device, which was used for illumination in low natural light. The night vision range for TKN-3 reached 300-400 meters. In addition to TKN-3, the commander has three TNPO-115 devices - two for viewing the front sector and one equipped in the right upper zygomatic armor plate.

For a turret shooter, the main means of observing the terrain is the gun sight, in addition, he has periscope viewing devices: TNP-205, equipped on the left side of the turret and TNPT-1, located on the roof of the turret and providing rear visibility. The landing force has two TNP-165A periscopic viewing devices, which are equipped in the roof of the hull behind the turret, next to the seats of machine gunners, as well as four TNPO-115 devices, which are located in the upper side armor plates of the hull on both sides of the doors.

For external communications, the R-123M radio station was equipped on the BTR-80 of early releases; on machines of later releases, it was replaced by more modern R-163 or R-173. For internal communication, the BTR-80 is equipped with an R-124 tank intercom for three subscribers - a commander, a driver and a turret gunner.

Engine

The BTR-80 uses the KamAZ-740.3 engine with a turbocharger, at each engine camber. BTR-80 with the YaMZ-238M2 engine has the BTR-80M index

performance characteristics

Classification: Armored personnel carrier
- Combat weight, t: 13.6
- Crew, people: 3
- Landing, pers.: 7

Case length, mm: 7650
- Hull width, mm: 2900
-Height, mm: 2350..2460
- Base, mm: 4400
- Track, mm: 2410
-Clearance, mm: 475

Booking:

Armor type: rolled steel
- Forehead of the hull, mm / city: 10
- Hull board, mm/deg.: 7..9
- Hull feed, mm / city: 7
- Forehead of the tower, mm / city: 7
- Tower board, mm/deg.: 7
- Tower feed, mm / city: 7

Armament:

Angles HV, degrees: -4..+60
- GN angles, degrees: 360
-Firing range, km: 1..2 (KPVT); 1.5 (PKT)
-Sights: 1PZ-2
-Machine guns: 1 x 14.5 mm KPVT; 1 x 7.62mm PKT

Mobility:

Engine: Manufacturer: Kama Automobile Plant; Brand: KAMAZ 7403; Type: diesel; Volume: 10,850 cubic meters cm.; Maximum power: 260 hp at 2600 rpm; Maximum torque: 785 Nm, at 1800 rpm; Configuration: V8; Cylinders: 8; Combined fuel consumption: 60..130 l/100 km; Fuel consumption on the highway: 48 l / 100 km; Cylinder diameter: 120mm; Piston stroke: 120 mm; Compression ratio: 16; Cooling: liquid; Cycle (number of cycles): 4; Cylinder firing order: 1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8; Max rpm: 2930
-Speed ​​on the highway, km / h: 80
-Speed ​​over rough terrain, km / h: 20..40 on the ground; 9 afloat
-Storage on the highway, km: 600
- Cruising range over rough terrain, km: 200..500 on dirt roads
- Specific power, l. s./t: 19.1
-Wheel formula: 8x8/4
- Suspension type: individual torsion bar with hydraulic shock absorbers
- Climbability, deg.: 30
- overcome wall, m: 0.5
- Crossable ditch, m: 2
- Crossable ford, m: floats

BTR-80 - Soviet armored personnel carrier. It was created in the early 1980s as a further development of the BTR-70 armored personnel carrier, taking into account the shortcomings of the latter identified in the Afghan war, and was intended to replace it in motorized rifle troops.

BTR-80 – video

The BTR-80 entered mass production in 1984, and, having been repeatedly upgraded, as of 2012 is still in production. The latest modifications of the BTR-80, equipped with enhanced weapons, are classified by many experts as wheeled infantry fighting vehicles. It was used by Soviet troops in the Afghan war, and since the 1990s it has been the main armored personnel carrier of the Armed Forces of Russia and a number of other former Soviet republics and has been used in almost all major armed conflicts in the post-Soviet space. Actively supplied and exported, in total, as of 2011, the BTR-80 is in service with at least 26 states.

History of creation and production

By the beginning of the 1980s, the main armored personnel carrier of the USSR was the BTR-70 launched into serial production in 1976. The experience of their operation soon showed that, despite considerable improvements compared to the earlier BTR-60, most of the main shortcomings of the predecessor passed to it almost unchanged. One of them was the relatively complex and unreliable design of the power plant from twin carburetor engines, which were also distinguished by increased fuel consumption and a number of other disadvantages compared to a diesel engine. An equally serious problem was the unsatisfactory landing and landing of the troops and crew, which only slightly improved compared to the BTR-60. Unsatisfactory, as shown by the Afghan war, remained the security of the machine. To all this, the BTR-70 had problems with a new design water-jet propulsion unit, which often clogged with algae, peat slurry and similar objects afloat.

To correct these shortcomings, the GAZ-5903 armored personnel carrier was designed at the design bureau of the Gorky Automobile Plant under the leadership of I. Mukhin and E. Murashkin in the early 1980s. While maintaining the same layout of the BTR-70, the new machine differed from it in a number of changes. Instead of a pair of carburetor engines, one diesel engine of greater power was installed; large double-leaf hatches were introduced in the sides of the hull for boarding and disembarking the crew. The hull itself is 115mm taller and longer, and 100mm wider, although the overall height of the machine has increased by only 30mm. Further development was the desire to provide the crew with the ability to fire from under the protection of the armor, for which the shooting ports in the sides of the hull were replaced by ball mounts deployed towards the front hemisphere. Armored personnel carrier armor was only slightly increased, but even so, the mass of the GAZ-5903 increased by 18% compared to the BTR-70, from 11.5 to 13.6 tons, although the mobility of the vehicle as a whole remained unchanged, and the cruising range only increased. After successful state tests, the GAZ-5903 was adopted by the Soviet Army in 1986 under the designation BTR-80.

Design

The BTR-80 has a layout with the location of the control compartment in the front, combined landing and combat - in the middle, and the engine-transmission compartment - in the rear of the vehicle. The regular crew of the BTR-80 consists of three people: the commander of the squad (machine), the driver and the gunner; in addition to them, an armored personnel carrier can carry seven troops inside, in the troop compartment, and the same number outside, on the armor.

Armored corps and turret

BTR-80 has poorly differentiated bulletproof armor protection. The armored body of the conveyor is assembled by welding from rolled sheets of homogeneous armored steel with a thickness of 5 to 9 mm. Most of the BTR-80 vertical armor sheets, with the exception of the lower side and aft ones, are installed with significant angles of inclination. The armored hull of all BTR-80s has a streamlined shape, which increases its waterworthiness and is equipped with a folding wave-reflecting shield that fits in the stowed position on the middle frontal hull sheet, thus slightly increasing its protection.

In the frontal part of the hull there is a control compartment, in which, on the left and right, respectively, are the driver and commander of the armored personnel carrier. Behind him is the landing squad, combined with the combat one. Six paratroopers in the aft part of the troop compartment are located in it on two longitudinal plastic seats in the center, sitting facing the side. In the front, immediately behind the seats of the driver and commander, there are two single seats for the remaining members of the landing party, while the right seat is deployed along the vehicle to enable firing, and the left one, occupied by a member of the landing party, becomes a tower shooter in combat conditions , turned back to the board. Near the seats of all members of the landing force, except for the tower shooter, there are eight ball mounts on the sides with horizontal aiming angles from ± 15 to ± 25 ° for firing from personal weapons. Ball mounts are deployed in the direction of the front hemisphere, as a result of which the rear hemisphere is a dead zone for paratroopers, there is also a small dead zone in the front left. Also, two more hatches for shelling the upper hemisphere, without ball mounts, are available in the landing hatches in the roof.

The BTR-80, like its predecessors, has two rectangular landing hatches in the roof, but the main means of disembarkation and landing on it are large double-leaf side doors located immediately behind the turret. The upper cover of the side door leans forward along the vehicle, and the lower one opens down, becoming a step, which, unlike its predecessors, allowed the landing and disembarkation of troops from the BTR-80 on the move. The driver and commander, as in previous models of armored personnel carriers, have two individual semicircular hatches above their jobs. In addition, in the body of the BTR-80 there are a number of hatches and hatches that served to access the engine, transmission and winch units.

Armament

The armament of the BTR-80 is a twin installation of a 14.5 mm KPVT machine gun and a 7.62 mm PKT. The installation is placed on trunnions in the frontal part of the tower, its guidance in the vertical plane, within -4 ... + 60 °, is carried out manually using a screw mechanism, horizontal guidance is carried out by rotating the tower. The aiming of machine guns at the target was carried out using a 1PZ-2 periscopic monocular optical sight, which had a variable magnification of 1.2 × or 4 × with a field of view of 49 ° and 14 °, respectively, and provided fire from the KPVT at a distance of up to 2000 meters against ground targets and 1000 m against air targets, and from PKT - up to 1500 meters against ground targets. KPVT is designed to combat lightly armored and unarmored enemy vehicles, including low-flying air targets, and has an ammunition load of 500 rounds in 10 tapes, equipped with armor-piercing incendiary bullets B-32, armor-piercing tracer BZT, armor-piercing incendiary, with a tungsten carbide core, BST , incendiary ZP and incendiary instant action MDZ. The PKT is designed to destroy manpower and firepower of the enemy and has an ammunition load of 2000 rounds in 8 belts.

Means of observation and communication

The driver and commander of the BTR-80 in the daytime in non-combat conditions monitor the area through two hatches closed by windshields in the upper front armor plate of the hull. In combat conditions or when moving at night, they monitored the area through various types of periscope viewing devices. The driver on the vehicles of early releases had three TNPO-115 periscope viewing devices for viewing the front sector, on the vehicles of the subsequent series, another TNPO-115 was added to them in the left upper zygomatic armor plate of the hull. At night, the central of the forward-facing devices was replaced by a TVNE-4B periscopic binocular passive night vision device, which worked by enhancing natural light, or by illuminating the FG125 headlight with an infrared light filter. The field of view of the instrument was 36° horizontally, 33° vertically, and the range of vision under normal conditions was 60 meters with headlight illumination and 120 meters with natural illumination of 5 10−3 lux.

The main means of observation for the commander of the machine is a combined binocular periscopic electro-optical viewing device TKN-3 with day and passive night channels. TKN-3 had a magnification of 5× for the day and 4.2× for the night channel, with a field of view of 10° and 8°, respectively. The installation of the device allowed its rotation within ±50° horizontally and rocking within −13 - +33° in the vertical plane. An OU-3GA2M searchlight with a removable infrared light filter was connected to the device, which served for illumination in case of insufficient natural light. The night vision range for TKN-3 was 300-400 meters. In addition to TKN-3, the commander has three TNPO-115 devices - two for viewing the front sector and one installed in the right upper zygomatic armor plate.

For a turret shooter, the main means of observing the terrain is the gun sight, in addition, he has periscope viewing devices: TNP-205, located on the left side of the turret and TNPT-1, installed on the roof of the turret and providing rear visibility. The landing force had two TNP-165A periscopic viewing devices installed in the roof of the hull behind the turret, at the seats of machine gunners, as well as four TNPO-115 devices installed in the upper side armor plates of the hull on both sides of the doors.

For external communications, the R-123M radio station was installed on the BTR-80 of early releases, which was replaced by more modern R-163 or R-173 on machines of later releases. For internal communication, the BTR-80 is equipped with an R-124 tank intercom for three subscribers - a commander, a driver and a turret gunner.

Engine and transmission

The BTR-80 uses the KamAZ-7403 engine with a turbocharger installed in the engine camber. The BTR-80 with the YaMZ-238M2 engine has the BTR-80M index.

Modifications

Soviet and Russian

- BTR-80 - basic modification armed with a 14.5 mm KPVT machine gun and a 7.62 mm PKT

- BTR-80K - commander's version of the BTR-80, with the preservation of weapons and additional communications and headquarters equipment

- BTR-80A - a modification armed with a 30-mm 2A72 automatic cannon and a 7.62-mm PKT machine gun installed in a new carriage-mounted turret. Classified by many experts as a wheeled infantry fighting vehicle

- BTR-80S - a variant of the BTR-80A for the troops of the Russian National Guard, equipped with a 14.5-mm KPVT machine gun and a 7.62-mm PKT in a gun-mounted turret

- BTR-80M - a variant of the BTR-80A with a YaMZ-238 engine (240 hp) and KI-126 tires with increased bullet resistance. It differs from its predecessors in the increased length of the hull.

Hungarian

In Hungary, the CURRUS enterprise based on the BTR-80 developed a family of special vehicles with the installation of various additional equipment, taking into account NATO requirements:

– BTR-80 SKJ - armored medical vehicle
— BTR-80 VSF - radio biochemical reconnaissance vehicle
– BTR-80 MVJ - recovery vehicle
– BTR-80 MPAEJ - maintenance and repair vehicle
- BTR-80 MPFJ - engineering vehicle

Ukrainian

- BTR-80-KBA-2 - Ukrainian modernization of the BTR-80 (the BTR-80 turret was dismantled, a combat module with a 30-mm KBA-2 automatic cannon and a device for shooting smoke grenades was installed instead)
- BTR-80UM - Ukrainian modernization of the BTR-80. A Ukrainian engine manufactured by the Yuzhdizelmash plant in Tokmak with a capacity of 300 horsepower and a new turret with machine-gun and cannon armament (23-mm automatic cannon and 7.62-mm machine gun) were installed. The first demonstration sample of the BTR-80UM was presented at the exercises in September 1998
- BTR-80UP - Ukrainian-Polish modernization of the BTR-80, developed for Iraq. Strengthened protection, installed new diesel engines with a capacity of 300 liters. pp., new tires and new electrical and pneumatic systems, the water jet was removed. In addition to the linear armored personnel carrier, 7 specialized modifications have been developed

The performance characteristics of the BTR-80

Crew, people: 3
Landing, pers.: 7
Years of operation: from 1986 - present

Weight BTR-80

- 13.6 tons

BTR-80 dimensions

– Case length, mm: 7650
- Hull width, mm: 2900
— Height, mm: 2350..2460
– Base, mm: 4400
- Track, mm: 2410
– Clearance, mm: 475

Armor BTR-80

– Type of armor: rolled steel
- Forehead of the hull, mm / city: 10
- Hull board, mm / city: 7..9
- Hull feed, mm / city: 7
- Forehead of the tower, mm / city .: 7
– Turret side, mm/deg.: 7
- Cutting feed, mm / city: 7

Armament BTR-80

- Firing range, km: 1..2 (KPVT); 1.5 (PKT)
- Sights: 1PZ-2
- Machine guns: 1 × 14.5 mm KPVT; 1 × 7.62 mm PKT

BTR-80 engine

— Engine type: KAMAZ 7403
- Engine power, l. p.: 260

BTR-80 speed

– Highway speed, km/h: 80
- Speed ​​​​over rough terrain, km / h: 20..40 on the ground; 9 afloat
- Range on the highway, km: 600
- Cruising range over rough terrain, km: 200..500 on dirt roads
- Specific power, l. s./t: 19.1

— Wheel formula: 8×8/4
- Suspension type: individual torsion bar with hydraulic shock absorbers
- Climbability, deg.: 30
– overcome wall, m: 0.5
- Crossable ditch, m: 2
- Crossable ford, m: floats

Photo BTR-80

According to Western data, the BTR-60 of all modifications was made about 25 thousand pieces. BTR-60s were actively exported abroad. In addition, the BTR-60PB was produced under a Soviet license in Romania under the TAV-71 index; these vehicles, in addition to the armed forces of Romania itself, were also supplied to the army of Yugoslavia.

In accordance with some available data, as of 1995, BTR-60s of various modifications (mainly BTR-60PBs) were in the armies of Algeria, Angola, Afghanistan, Bulgaria, Botswana (24 units), Vietnam, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Egypt, Zambia (10 units), Israel, India, Iraq, Iran, Yemen, North Korea, Cambodia, Congo (28 units), Cuba, Laos, Libya, Lithuania (10 units), Mali, Mozambique (80 units), Mongolia, Nicaragua ( 19 units), Syria, Sudan, Turkey (received from Germany), Finland (110 units), Estonia (20 units). In addition, at present they are still in service in the armies of many CIS countries.

Interestingly, the export and re-export of the BTR-60 to various countries continues to this day. So only Ukraine in 2001 handed over 170 armored personnel carriers (136 BTR-60PB and 34 BTR-70) to the UN peacekeeping contingent in Sierra Leone. This includes 6 BTR-60PBs to the Nigerian contingent, 6 BTR-60PBs to the Ghanian peacekeeping contingent, 3 BTR-60PBs to the Kenyan peacekeeping battalion, and one BTR-60PB to the Guinean peacekeeping battalion.

Compared to the BTR-60, the distribution geography of the BTR-70 armored personnel carriers is significantly narrower. In the 1980s, in addition to the Soviet Army, they entered service only with the National People's Army (NPA) of the GDR and the Afghan government troops. In addition, the analogue of the BTR-70 (TAV-77), produced under a Soviet license in Romania, was in service with its own army. At present, these combat vehicles are part of the armies of almost all CIS countries. As of 1995, in addition to the CIS countries, the BTR-70 was in service in Estonia (5 units), Afghanistan, Nepal (135) and Pakistan (120 units, received from Germany), Sudan, Turkey (received from Germany).

Armored personnel carriers BTR-80, according to 1995 data, were in service in almost all CIS countries, as well as in Estonia (20 units), Hungary (245 units), Sierra Leone, Turkey (100). The contract for the sale of a batch of Russian BTR-80A armored personnel carriers to Turkey was signed in 1995. This is the first time that the latest Russian military equipment enters the arsenal of a country - a member of the NATO bloc. Apparently, the choice made by the Turkish military is not accidental. A few years ago, Turkey received from Germany Soviet armored personnel carriers BTR-60PB and BTR-70 from the arsenals of the NNA of the GDR and has already managed to test them in combat conditions in the mountains of Kurdistan.

Since the production of the BTR-80 continues, it must be assumed that the above list of countries and the number of BTR-80 armored personnel carriers at their disposal will be significantly replenished. So the Hungarian army at the beginning of 2000 received the last 20 BTR-80 armored personnel carriers, which completed the contract for the supply of 487 vehicles of this type from Russia. In total, over the past five years, Budapest has received 555 BTR-80 armored personnel carriers (including the BTR-80A), 68 of which were transferred to the Ministry of the Interior. With the supply of armored personnel carriers, Russia paid off the debt of Hungary left over from Soviet times. The total cost of deliveries amounted to 320 million US dollars (about 576,600 dollars for one armored personnel carrier). According to data published in the media in 2000, at the Eurosatori-2000 arms show held in France, a batch of Russian armored personnel carriers was acquired by North Korea. The Arzamas Machine-Building Plant was supposed to supply Pyongyang with ten BTR-80s. And on October 15, 2002, the first batch of BTR-80A was sent to Indonesia (12 BTR-80A, personnel and spare parts).

In Russia itself, in addition to the Russian Army, the BTR-80 is in service with the Internal Troops and the Marine Corps. They are also used by Russian contingents of UN forces in Bosnia and Kosovo.

In a military action, armored personnel carriers BTR-60 were first used during Operation Danube - the entry of troops of the countries participating in the Warsaw Pact into Czechoslovakia in 1968. The signal "Vltava 666" entered the troops on August 20 at 22 o'clock. 15 minutes, and already at 23:00 troops with a total number of 500 thousand people with 5 thousand tanks and armored personnel carriers crossed the Czechoslovak border. From the territory of the GDR, the 1st Guards Tank Army and the 20th Guards Army were introduced into Czechoslovakia. Here, the border crossing was carried out on August 21 “suddenly”, on a 200 km front, simultaneously by the forces of 8 divisions (2 thousand tanks and 2 thousand armored personnel carriers, mainly BTR-60). After 5 hours. 20 minutes. after crossing the state border, units and formations of the 20th Guards Army entered Prague.

Fortunately, the Czechoslovak army of 200,000 offered practically no resistance, although cases of "anti-Soviet psychosis" were noted in a number of its units and formations. Fulfilling the order of her Minister of Defense, she remained neutral until the end of the events in the country. This made it possible to avoid bloodshed, since the Warsaw Pact troops received quite definite "recommendations". In accordance with them, a white stripe was introduced - a distinctive sign of "our" and allied troops. All military equipment without white stripes was subject to "neutralization", preferably without firing. However, in the event of resistance, "bandless" tanks and other military equipment" were subject to "immediate destruction." For this, it was not necessary to receive “sanctions” from above. When meeting with NATO troops, it was ordered to stop immediately and "do not shoot without a command."

The real baptism of fire of the BTR-60 can be considered the Soviet-Chinese border conflict near Damansky Island in March 1969. After a sharp deterioration in Soviet-Chinese relations in the mid-1960s, work began to strengthen the Far Eastern borders of the Soviet Union: individual units and formations of the Armed Forces were redeployed from the western and central regions of the country to Transbaikalia and the Far East; the border strip was improved in engineering terms; combat training began to be carried out more purposefully. The main thing is that measures were taken to strengthen the fire capabilities of border outposts and border detachments; the number of machine guns in the units increased, including large-caliber, anti-tank
grenade launchers and other weapons; armored personnel carriers of the BTR-60PA and BTR-60PB types began to arrive at the outposts, and maneuver groups were created on them in the border detachments.

It must be emphasized that the Chinese leaders were vitally interested in a major "victorious" conflict on the Soviet-Chinese border. Firstly, this guaranteed the generals a solid representation in the country's leadership, and secondly, the military-political leadership could confirm the correctness of the course towards turning China into a military camp and preparing for a war, allegedly instigated by Soviet "social imperialism". The preparation of a combat plan, involving approximately three infantry companies and a number of military units secretly located on Damansky Island, was completed on January 25, 1969. The General Staff of the PLA made some adjustments to the plan. In particular, he noted that if Soviet soldiers use improvised means (“for example, wooden sticks”) or armored personnel carriers, then Chinese soldiers should “resolutely fight back”, using similar sticks and undermining combat vehicles.

On the night of March 2, 1969, PLA units (about 300 servicemen) invaded Damansky Island and, having equipped single trenches, set up an ambush. On the morning of March 2, the border post of the Nizhne-Mikhailovka outpost reported to the commander about the violation of the USSR state border by two groups of Chinese up to thirty people in total. Immediately, the head of the outpost, Senior Lieutenant I. Strelnikov, with a group of 30 border guards, drove out in an armored personnel carrier-60 and two vehicles towards the violators. He decided to block them from both sides and push them off the island. With five border guards, Strelnikov headed for the island from the front. At a distance of 300 m from them, a second group of 12 people was moving. The third group of border guards of 13 people went to the island from the flank. When the first group approached the Chinese, their forward line suddenly parted and the second line opened fire. The first two groups of Soviet border guards died on the spot. At the same time, from an ambush on the island and from the Chinese coast, fire was opened from machine guns and mortars on the third group, which was forced to take up all-round defense. Immediately joined the battle and units of Chinese soldiers, who had penetrated the island the night before.

A motorized maneuver group on armored personnel carriers of the neighboring Kulebyakiny Sopki outpost, headed by the head of the outpost, senior lieutenant V. Bubenin, urgently went to the rescue of our border guards. She managed to bypass the enemy from the rear and throw him behind the embankment on the island. The battle, with varying success, continued throughout the day. At that time, the command of the Iman border detachment (which included the Nizhne-Mikhailovka and Kulebyakiny Sopki outposts), led by Colonel D. Leonov, together with the maneuver group and the school of the sergeant staff of the border detachment, were at the exercises of the Far Eastern Military District. After receiving a message about the fighting on Damansky, D. Leonov immediately gave the order to remove the school of sergeants and the maneuver group from the exercises and advance to the area of ​​the island. By the evening of March 2, the border guards recaptured Damansky and entrenched themselves on it. In order to prevent possible repeated provocations, a reinforced mobile group of the border detachment under the command of Lieutenant Colonel E. Yanshin (45 people with grenade launchers) advanced to Damansky on 4 BTR-60PB. A reserve was concentrated on the shore - 80 people in armored personnel carriers (school for non-commissioned officers). On the night of March 12, units of the 135th motorized rifle division of the Far Eastern Military District arrived in the area of ​​recent fighting.

However, no one knew what to do next. The military-political leadership of the USSR was silent. The army units and subdivisions did not have the relevant orders either from the Minister of Defense or from the General Staff. The leadership of the KGB, which was in charge of the border guards, also took a wait-and-see attitude. This is precisely what explains the certain confusion in the actions of the Soviet border guards, which was clearly manifested on March 14 when massive attacks (“human waves”) from the Chinese side were repelled. As a result of spontaneous and ill-conceived decisions of the headquarters of the border district, the Soviet border guards suffered heavy losses (Colonel D. Leonov died, the Chinese captured the secret T-62 tank) and were forced to leave Damansky by the end of the day. In fact, units and subunits of the 135th motorized rifle division saved the situation. At its own peril and risk, its headquarters ordered an artillery regiment of 122-mm howitzers, a separate BM-21 Grad rocket battalion and mortar batteries of the 199th regiment (lieutenant colonel D. Krupeynikov) to launch a powerful artillery attack on the island and the opposite coast to a depth of 5- 6 km. A motorized rifle battalion under the command of Lieutenant Colonel A. Smirnov put an end to the "i". Within a few hours (having lost 7 people killed and 9 wounded, as well as 4 BTR-60PBs), he managed to completely clear Damansky. Chinese losses amounted to about 600 people.

In the summer of the same 1969, the situation escalated noticeably in the Kazakh section of the Soviet-Chinese border, in the area of ​​the Dzhungar ledge, guarded by the Uch-Aral border detachment. And here the Soviet border guards used the BTR-60 in combat conditions. On August 12, border patrols at the observation posts "Rodnikovaya" and "Zhalanashkol" noticed the movement of certain groups of Chinese military personnel in the adjacent territory. The head of the border troops of the Eastern District, Lieutenant General Merkulov, suggested that the Chinese side organize a meeting and discuss the situation. There was no answer. The next day, at about five o'clock in the morning, two groups of 9 and 6 Chinese servicemen reached the line of the State Border of the USSR at the Zhalanashkol border outpost and by seven o'clock went deep into the border space at a distance of 400 and 100 m. Here the violators began dig in, defiantly go to the trenches near the border line, ignoring the demands of the Soviet border guards to return to their territory. At the same time, about 100 more armed Chinese were concentrated behind the border line in the mountains.

A few minutes later, armored personnel carriers, outpost personnel and reserves from neighboring outposts arrived in the intruder invasion area. The actions of all these forces were led by the chief of staff of the detachment, Lieutenant Colonel P. Nikitenko. An hour later, several shots were fired from the invading group in the direction of the line of trenches of the Soviet border guards. Return fire was opened on the violators. A fight ensued. At this time, three groups of Chinese with a total number of over forty people, armed with small arms and RPGs, came close to the State Border and attempted to cross it in order to capture the nearest Kamennaya hill. Reinforcements that arrived from a neighboring outpost - a maneuverable group on three BTR-60PBs - immediately entered the battle. The first armored personnel carrier (onboard No. 217) under the command of junior lieutenant V. Puchkov was under heavy enemy fire: external equipment was demolished by bullets and shrapnel, the ramps were riddled with armor, the armor was pierced in several places, and the turret was jammed. V. Puchkov himself and the driver of the armored personnel carrier V. Pishchulev were injured.

A group of eight fighters, reinforced by two armored personnel carriers, under the command of senior lieutenant V. Olshevsky, deployed in a chain, began to bypass the violators from the rear, cutting off their escape routes. From the side of the enemy outpost, a group of assistant chief of staff of the maneuver group, Captain P. Terebenkov, attacked. By 10 o'clock in the morning the battle was over - the Soviet side lost 2 border guards killed (Sergeant M. Dulepov and Private V. Ryazanov) and 10 people were injured. 3 Chinese were taken prisoner. 19 corpses of raiders were picked up on the battlefield.

But the real test for the entire family of GAZ armored personnel carriers was Afghanistan. During the decade of the Afghan war - from 1979 to 1989, the BTR-60PB, and the BTR-70, and the BTR-80 passed through it. in the development of the latter, the results of the analysis of the Afghan experience in the use of armored personnel carriers were widely used. It should be mentioned here that the BTR-60PB were in service not only with the Soviet Army, but also with the Afghan government troops. Deliveries here of various weapons from the Soviet Union began in 1956 during the reign of Muhammad Zair Shah. Armored personnel carriers BTR-60PB of the Afghan army often participated in military parades held in Kabul.

At the time of the introduction of troops, the armored vehicles of the motorized rifle divisions of the Central Asian Military District were represented by armored personnel carriers BTR-60PB, infantry fighting vehicles BMP-1 and reconnaissance and patrol vehicles BRDM-2. In the MSD, two out of three motorized rifle regiments were equipped with armored personnel carriers (the third was armed with BMP-1). The use here at the initial stage of the BTR-60PB is explained by the fact that the relatively new, at that time, BTR-70 (their production began in 1976) was primarily equipped with the divisions of the GSVG and the western military districts. The unfolding combat clashes showed that Soviet armored vehicles are not sufficiently protected from modern anti-tank weapons, are fire hazardous, and tracked vehicles (tanks and infantry fighting vehicles) are quite vulnerable to undermining. The T-62 and T-55 tanks in service with the Central Asian Military District were forced to urgently modernize. They installed the so-called anti-cumulative grilles and additional armor plates on the towers, which the soldiers called "Ilyich's eyebrows." And BMP-1s were generally withdrawn from Afghanistan and urgently replaced by the latest BMP-2s transferred from Germany.

The BTR-80, which was later put into service, also passed through Afghanistan. The powerful diesel engine installed on the new machine instead of two carburetors made it possible for the troops to use the combat vehicle more efficiently in mountains and deserts, since rarefied air does not have such a negative effect on work diesel engine. At the same time, the power reserve increased significantly and the fire hazard decreased. However, the security of the BTR-80 remained insufficient. This can be confirmed by the loss figures - during the nine years of the war in Afghanistan, 1314 armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles, as well as 147 tanks, were lost. Therefore, the troops carried out a huge amount of work to find additional means of enhancing the protection of personnel and the armored personnel carriers themselves, primarily from hits from cumulative projectiles, as well as fire from 12.7-mm and 14.5-mm machine guns. HEAT shells and large-caliber bullets hit armored personnel carriers, falling into outdoor equipment or flying inside operating units through blinds and open hatches. The entire engine compartment was also characterized by insufficient armor.

In 1986, based on the experience of using armored personnel carriers and by conducting experimental and theoretical studies at the Military Academy of the BTV, a set of measures was developed to improve the bulletproof resistance of vehicles. Among them:

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Armored vehicles of Russia and the world photo, video watch online was significantly different from all its predecessors. For a large reserve of buoyancy, the height of the hull was noticeably increased, and to improve stability, it was given a trapezoidal shape in cross section. The required bullet resistance to the hull was provided by rolled cemented armor with an additionally hardened outer layer of the KO brand ("Kulebaki-OGPU"). In the manufacture of the hull, welding of armor plates from the inner soft side was used; special stocks were used to facilitate assembly. To simplify the installation of units, the upper armor plates of the hull were made removable with a seal on fabric gaskets lubricated with red lead.

Armored vehicles of the Second World War, in which the crew of two of them was located near the longitudinal axis at the back of each other's head, but the turret with weapons was shifted by 250 mm to the port side. The power unit is shifted to the starboard side in such a way that access for engine repair was possible from inside the fighting compartment of the tank after removing the safety partition. In the stern of the tank, on the sides, there were two gas tanks with a capacity of 100 liters each, and directly behind the engine there was a radiator and a heat exchanger, washed by sea water when moving afloat. At the stern, in a special niche, there was a propeller with navigable rudders. The balance of the tank was chosen in such a way that afloat it had a slight trim to the stern. The propeller was driven by a cardan shaft from a power take-off mounted on the gearbox housing.

Armored vehicles of the USSR in January 1938, at the request of the head of the ABTU D. Pavlov, the armament of the tank was to be strengthened by installing a 45-mm semi-automatic gun or a 37-mm automatic gun, and in the case of installing a semi-automatic gun, the crew was to be increased to three people. The tank's ammunition was to consist of 61 shots for a 45-mm cannon and 1,300 rounds for a machine gun. The design bureau of plant No. 185 completed two projects on the theme of "Castle", the prototype of which was the Swedish tank "Landsverk-30".

Armored vehicles of the Wehrmacht did not escape the trouble with forcing the engine. To what has been said, one can only add that the indicated crisis was actually overcome only in 1938, for which the tank received not only a forced engine. In order to strengthen the suspension, thicker leaf springs were used in it. Rubber bandages made of neoprene, a domestically produced synthetic rubber, were launched, the production of tracks from Hartfield steel by hot stamping began, and hardened HDTV fingers were introduced. But all these changes to the tank were not introduced at once. The hull of the tank with inclined armor plates could not be made on time. However, a conical turret with improved protection was delivered on time, and the tank with the same hull, reinforced suspension (due to the installation of thicker leaf springs), a boosted engine and a new turret entered the NIBT test site for testing.

Modern armored vehicles went under the conditional index T-51. It retained the process of transition from caterpillars to wheels, as in the prototype, by lowering special levers with wheels without leaving a person. However, after adjusting the requirements for the tank, which made it three-seater (it was decided to keep the loader's backup control), and strengthening its weapons to the level of BT, it turned out to be impossible to implement a Landsverk-type wheel drive. In addition, the tank's wheel drive transmission was overly complex. Therefore, soon work on the topic "Castle" was already carried out on the T-116 tank, in which "changing shoes" was carried out according to the BT type - by removing caterpillar chains.