How to overcome gravity. Science forum dxdy Using gravity to overcome it

Instruction

A body flying upward experiences the influence of several braking forces at once. Gravity pulls it back, preventing it from picking up speed. To overcome them, the body needs its own source of motion or a sufficiently strong initial push.

Having accelerated sufficiently, the body can reach a constant speed, which is usually called the first. Moving with it, it becomes the satellite from which it started. To find the value of the first cosmic velocity, you need to divide the mass of the planet by its radius, multiply the resulting number by G - the gravitational constant - and take the square root. For our Earth, it is approximately equal to eight kilometers per second. The satellite of the moon will have to develop a much lower speed - 1.7 km / s. The first cosmic velocity is also called elliptical, since the orbit of the movement that has reached it will be an ellipse, in one of the focuses of which is the Earth.

To leave the orbit of the planet, the satellite will need even more speed. It is called the second cosmic, and also the escape velocity. The third name is parabolic speed, because with it the satellite's trajectory turns from an ellipse into a parabola, moving further and further away from the planet. The second escape velocity is equal to the first multiplied by the square root of two. For an Earth satellite flying at an altitude of 300 kilometers, the second space velocity will be approximately 11 kilometers per second.

Sometimes they also talk about the third cosmic velocity necessary to leave the solar system, and even about the fourth, which allows to overcome the gravity of the Galaxy. However, it is not easy to name their exact value. The gravitational forces of the Earth, the Sun and the planets interact in a very complex way, which even now cannot be accurately calculated.

The more massive the cosmic body, the greater are the values ​​of the first and second space velocity, which are needed to leave it. And if these speeds are greater than the speed of light, then this means that the cosmic body has become a black hole, and even light cannot overcome its gravity.

But it is not necessary to overcome gravity everywhere. There are regions in the solar system called Lagrange points. In these places, the attraction of the Sun and the Earth balance each other. A sufficiently light object, for example, a spacecraft, can "hang" there in space, remaining motionless in relation to both the Earth and the Sun. This is very convenient for the study of our star, and in the future, perhaps, for the creation of "transshipment bases" for studying the solar system.

There are only five Lagrange points. Three of them are on a straight line connecting the Sun and the Earth: one is behind the Sun, the second is between it and the Earth, the third is behind our planet. The remaining two points are located almost in the orbit of the Earth, "ahead" and "behind" the planet.

Can gravity be eliminated? If you ask this question to a physicist, the answer will be unequivocally negative. A ufologist or sci-fi lover will most likely answer this question with an optimistic yes. Reality is probably somewhere in the middle.

Recent studies by scientists, specialists in gravity, could give a more reasoned and accurate answer. It looks like there actually is a way to reduce the gravitational field we all live in...

For the first time, successful experimental work on antigravity was carried out in 1992 in Finland, at the Tammersfors Polytechnic Institute. The idea belonged to the Russian physicist Yevgeny Podkletnov. In 1988 he was invited to Finland as a material scientist to participate in research on problems ie. the ability of some materials to conduct current without resistance under the influence of ultra-low temperatures. Podkletnov's group studied various ceramic materials using a superconducting yttrium-barium-copper alloy oxide ring suspended and rotating at high speed in a magnetic field. The fact is that superconductivity allows the transmission of electrical energy without any losses, and Podkletnov was tasked with determining what current strength various materials can carry.

It has long been known that superconductors have antimagnetic properties: by repelling an external magnetic field, they maintain the internal one at zero level. But the experiments of a Russian scientist have shown that a rotating superconducting ring may also have an antigravitational effect. For the first time, he discovered this phenomenon by accident: one of his employees was a smoker, and when cigarette smoke passed over the apparatus, it seemed to Podkletnov that he was rising in an unusual column. Measurements have confirmed that any object placed over a rotating superconductor loses 0.5 to 2 percent of its weight.

Podkletnov could not immediately find an explanation for this phenomenon and continued to study it for some time. The discovery would be so fantastic that he wanted to be absolutely sure that he had managed to eliminate all possible random errors.

Then he wrote an article and sent it to the well-known in the scientific world publication "Journal of Physics", where it was accepted for publication.

But even before the article was published, an article appeared in one of the daily newspapers in which the journalist presented the content of the article in such a distorted form that Podkletnov's life turned into a nightmare. His article was withdrawn from publication, the leadership of the Finnish Institute also found it necessary to distance themselves from his idea. This serious scientist was accused of the lack of rigorous evidence: his discovery and the results of the experiments were written off as science fiction.

And Podkletnov, in fact, may have discovered some fundamentally new physical phenomenon. If his hypothesis is confirmed, this discovery will have the same revolutionary impact on our life in the present century as the discovery of electromagnetism produced in the past. It would also greatly accelerate the exploration of near-Earth space and other planets.

Given these prospects, NASA became interested in the idea of ​​the Russian scientist. In one of the laboratories of the Marshall Space Flight Center, a new anti-gravity apparatus is being built as part of a program to study new physical principles of motion. Weakening, even modest, of the force of gravity could greatly facilitate and reduce the cost of launching spacecraft into orbit ... Most likely, NASA will not report any concrete results until there is some certainty of success. The sad experience of Podkletnov served as an American learned lesson...

Do you want to overcome the earth's gravity and learn to fly? Find out what the secret of levitation is!

Levitation¹ is the psychic ability of a person to overcome the earth's gravity and rise into the air.

Due to what does levation work? It can be called antigravity, but in the case human body There are many nuances that need to be understood in order to master this superpower.

What is the secret of levitation?

The phenomenon of levitation arises due to the trained mental energy of a person. This creates a powerful force field in the body, which lifts a person into the air.

The energy in this field has a charge opposite to the earth's gravity.

It is the level of psychic power that is able to increase the charge of the force field so much as to create a state of weightlessness and lift the body into the air!

This is similar to how two magnets work when they attract each other in one position and repel each other in the other. In relation to man and the planet, the "reversal of polarity" is as follows:

• both man and the planet have two components: material and spiritual. It's like the +/- poles of a magnet. If a person lives materially, he coincides with the matter of the planet, in which case he cannot take off;
• and vice versa, with the strengthening of human energy, the practice of levitation harmonizes with the energy field of the Earth, which makes it possible to overcome the gravity of the planet.

Superpowers for levitation can be developed!

Those people who want to master the secret of levitation will need to re-realize their life and aspirations, and increase their psychic energy.

• Material and spiritual beginning.

If a person strives for the sublime, the spiritual principle begins to prevail over the material. Such a person has a chance to "fly up", to engage in levitation effectively.

It is necessary to engage in self-development, to see the world wider than just material life.

• Increasing your own energy.

By increasing energy, people strengthen their energy field (aura²), which is initially connected with the energy field of the planet. The stronger this field, the more likely it is to lift yourself into the air.

On our website you can find many exercises for, training, entering into, which will be required when mastering levitation.

If an unprepared person is engaged in training the ability to levitate, then his body may not withstand overloads of such power. As a result, a person runs the risk of "burning out", like a wire through which too much current has passed. To prepare your body and mind for the mystical experience of levitation, you need to consistently and patiently!

Now you could understand that a person can take off only in resonance with the energy field of the planet and a developed aura. This can be called preparation for levitation classes. On our website you will find the necessary practices, following which you can take to the air!

Victor Stepanovich Grebennikov, a Siberian entomologist, died in 2001, in the early 90s he created a gravity plane (Grebennikov's platform) with amazing characteristics.

It is invisible to others, does not require a traditional engine in our understanding, has neither a wing nor propeller, silent, elementarily develops a safe flight speed of 1500 km / h and above, which is not felt by the pilot, there are absolutely no inertial properties of the moving body, there is no effect of ambient air, no velocity pressure and many other qualities.

And it looks very simple - a stand with two handles, mounted on an open sketchbook.
Much is described by him in the wonderful book "My World".
In it, he was going to describe both the detailed structure of the grav-flyer and how to make it. Not allowed!..
Yes, and his death raises questions. Officially, he was exposed to "unknown exposures" during experiments with his platform.

Fragment of the book:
“In the summer of 1988, looking at the chitinous covers of insects under a microscope, their feathery antennae, the thinnest scales of butterfly wings, the wings of lacewings with iridescent overflow and other Patents of Nature, I became interested in the unusually rhythmic microstructure of one of the rather large insect details.

It was an extremely ordered composition, as if stamped on some kind of complex machine according to special drawings and calculations. In my opinion, this incomparable cellularity was clearly not required either for the strength of this part, or for its decoration.

I did not observe anything of the kind, even remotely resembling this unusual amazing micro-pattern, either in other insects, or in the rest of nature, or in technology or art; because it is multidimensional in volume, I still have not been able to repeat it on a flat drawing or photo. Why is this an insect?
Moreover, this structure - the bottom of the elytra - is almost always hidden from other eyes, except in flight, when no one can see it.

I suspected: is this a wave beacon with "my" effect of multi-cavity structures? In that truly happy summer there were a lot of insects of this species, and I caught them in the evenings in the light; neither "before" nor "after" I observed not only their mass character, but also single individuals.

I put this small concave chitinous plate on the microscope stage in order to once again examine its strange-stellar cells at high magnification. I admired another masterpiece of the jeweler's Nature, and almost without any purpose put another exactly the same plate on it with tweezers with these unusual cells on one of its sides.

But, it wasn’t there: the part escaped from the tweezers, hung in the air for a couple of seconds above the one on the microscope table, turned a little clockwise, moved out - through the air! - to the right, turned counterclockwise, swayed, and only then quickly and sharply fell on the table.

What I experienced at that moment - the reader can only imagine ...

When I came to my senses, I tied several panels with wire; it was not without difficulty, and then only when I took them vertically. It turned out such a multi-layered "chitino block".
He put it on the table. Even such a relatively heavy object as a large pushpin could not fall on him: something, as it were, beat it up and then to the side.

I attached the button from above to the “block” - and then such incongruous, incredible things began (in particular, for some moments the button completely disappeared from view!), That I realized: this is not a lighthouse, but completely, completely different.

And again my breath was taken away, and again from excitement all the objects around me floated as if in a fog; but I, albeit with difficulty, nevertheless pulled myself together, and after two hours I was able to continue my work ...
This is where it all really started.”

Chapter I. "Summer Night"

Sleep did not come for a long time.

Can you fall asleep quickly when there are so many miracles around you that you almost wean yourself from living in the city - the starry sky, dark frozen clubs of bushes and trees, mysterious night sounds ...

And then a familiar vision flashed before my eyes. It’s as if I’m walking along a wide - to the horizon - multi-colored alfalfa field, dense cool greenery with purple, white, yellow, pink tassels of inflorescences moves apart, going back, and every stem, every flower, every juicy three-lobed leaf is clearly visible.

And it’s as if bright-winged butterflies flicker over the field, large bumblebees and different bees - golden, gray, motley - curl around the inflorescences, fly from one flower to another. On the go, I carefully, carefully look at the bees that are on the flowers, and either pronounce or write down strange, but familiar words: “melitturga” - one ... rofit - one ... megaheels - two, no, even three ... anthophora - one ..." This is not enough for me, I try to see, to recognize among the many bees some special one that I really need, but other insects flash before my eyes, greenish-blue shamrocks swim by, flowers go back, and on more and more are taking their place.

I remembered: this happens when you pick berries all day. Before you fall asleep, you see forest glades dotted with ripe strawberries, and you seem to be picking these berries, tearing, tearing ...

And I thought: this probably always happens when you stare at something all day long under the bright sun.

And Seryozha had long fallen asleep, and he, too, before going to bed, probably saw this - a lot of insects over a multi-colored alfalfa field.

Who sees berries, who sees bees and bumblebees ...

The pearly sky of a bright summer night with rare twinkling stars is framed on all sides by the jagged edge of a dark forest. Even at the very tops of the trees, not a single leaf moves: the birches also sleep, resting from the noise of the hot daytime winds.

The nightjar, a long-winged night bird, emerged from the darkness, flew noiselessly over the dewy grasses, over the people lying by the bushes, shied aside - and disappeared just as noiselessly into the thickets.

The hedgehog, the owner of the night lawns, came out, led around with a long, wet nose at the tip, rolled in a ball, barely noticeable in the twilight, across the clearing and crunched a beetle found in the grass.

The grass rustled, someone squeaked softly in it... Another rustle, but further, in the depths of a dark bush.

But Serezha and I do not see or hear these miracles. All day long we counted bees and bumblebees in this huge field, crossing it over and over again and across and marking each insect we saw with a cross in the columns of the route sheets - and all this under the scorching sun. We were very tired during the day.

Now we are fast asleep.

In the middle of the night, I suddenly open my eyes: a large night butterfly flutters its wings just above my face. Then she flew up to the branch, touched the cold dew drops hanging on the leaves, and with a soft “frrr” disappeared into the twilight.

The cool sky brightens. There is no longer that yellow star at the top of the birch - it either went behind another tree, or faded in the silvery haze of a short summer night.

Somewhere nearby, a belated mosquito sings.

I'm chilly from the dew. Having straightened the blanket on Seryozha, I move closer to him, because I need to sleep; Soon it will probably be dawn.

I had a strange dream in the morning. I stand as if at the canvas of a huge panorama depicting the steppe. On the palette I have oil paints, in my hand is a long, long brush. I mix dark azure with white, and the result is a blue color, but the colors are somehow tight, unyielding, like rubber, and are mixed with difficulty. But why am I here?

After all, these huge canvases, scenery, paints, paintings - all this was a long time ago, I have been an entomologist for many years - did someone mix everything up? Finally, the blue color is ready, about the one I need; I approach the panorama - and the canvas is far, far away - and I put strokes on the already blue sky ... However, although the sky is written on the canvas, it is real, high, and everything that is on this panorama: horizon, steppe, grass - everything is real too. I was instructed to make the panorama better, to refresh it, to correct it, adding it with oil paints, but the steppe and the sky are part of the world, this is the whole world, all nature. And there are few colors, but they are somehow dim, half-dried.

And suddenly I realize what a great responsibility lies on me: if I do something wrong, how then? What if I screw up my work? Why do I still not know who and when entrusted me with this work, this work, and why did I take it on?

But suddenly, when I open my eyes, I see another world above me. Tall trees, the tops of which have already been touched by the sun, the bright sky above them, not the same as in a dream, but silvery, bright, I see a dragonfly against this sky, flying out for the first morning hunt. Seryozha is sleeping nearby. In the distance, the electric train hummed familiarly, finally bringing me back to reality and quickly extinguishing the strange excitement that I experienced in a dream.

Half an hour will pass, and, armed with tweezers, a shovel, a tablet with a map, we will turn into discoverers of miracles who can argue with the most fantastic dream: we will observe the life of the inhabitants of our meadow, our cherished Land of Insects. Here, not far from the alfalfa field, in the spring we buried several dozen special wooden houses for bumblebees. Many of them - we already know this - bumblebees themselves found and settled. To find them among the overgrown grasses, a map dotted with icons with the heading "Bumblebee Hills" will help. Why "hills" - I don't remember myself - it was just a "code" name, thoughtless and accidental; many years later it turned out to be very successful: since no one has mowed the grass there since then - it was possible to organize the first insect reserve in the country here - the layer of chernozem rose to fifteen centimeters, and in spring or autumn, when there are no grasses, you can clearly see that the glades and edges of the reserve become, as it were, gentle, but distinct hills.

Today we have to lift the turf and plank covers of bumblebee underground houses in order to finally see what is there, inside the inhabited beehives? In addition, we must carefully check who and how populated paper and reed tubes of various calibers, laid in tight bundles under small sheds. That's why we stayed here.

The sun has half-lit the trees already. On the bark of a nearby birch, golden and gray flies bask in groups, listlessly taking off and landing in their original place. This was noticed by the dragonfly. Passing low above me, she suddenly flew up, rustling her wings loudly, went up like a candle - and grabbed a careless fly right in the air.

Near our bivouac, a leaf beetle climbed onto a blade of grass. Having trampled on its top, he lifted the elytra of an emerald green color, with difficulty pulled out from under them transparent, like cellophane, which had caked over the night, and flew heavily over the dewy grass. I crawl out from under the damp blanket: it's time to wake up Sergei.

Chapter II "The Yard"

Part one

Some reader, young or adult, having just read my "Night in the Glade" or skimming through the pictures - it is with them that most of the acquaintance with the book begins - will be disappointed and slam the book "about goats", to which for some reason he "does not lie soul". But do not rush to do this: this book is not only about insects and other small creatures, but also about many other things - about different wonderful corners of our country, about the fate of Nurse Nature, about whether it can be preserved and what can be done for this each; there will be advice here for both the lover of crafts and the young artist.

For those who are not indifferent to unusual natural phenomena, there is something about dowsing (dowsing), telekinesis (moving objects for no apparent reason), telepathy (thought transmission at a distance), about UFOs (unidentified flying objects) and much more.

It so happened that it was insects - friends of my childhood - that led me to this World of the Unknown, from which I, who have seen a lot and lived for more than six decades, and now takes my breath away and takes pity: why did the insects tell me their most wonderful Secrets not in my youth or even in my mature years, when I had a sufficient supply of time, but now, at the end of my life? After all, they, insects, almost brought me close to the doors that had already been opened, leading to the comprehension of the secrets of Matter, Time, Space...

And it turned out that behind each such door into the Unknown, at first there is such a special path, sometimes very winding, sometimes almost disappearing; it would be nice if she was there alone, otherwise she took a few steps - and a fork, and you stop in confusion and amazement, like that knight at an epic stone with three inscriptions-pointers; you move at random along one of the stitches, you pass a certain amount - and again the stone-mystery is at the crossroads.

And that's what's great; if you are inquisitive, then there are no dead ends in this Wonderland at all, and each of them - and I now know this for sure - leads to its own special Land of Secrets and Finds, to new forks and crossroads of infinite, boundless Knowledge - the highest, as I was convinced , happiness that only a person can experience. Moreover, to acquire right there a grain of Knowledge, but such that with its help you can already boldly lay a few bricks in the foundation of our common House, which we, people, have just begun to build on the planet - but, unfortunately, it has already been thoroughly mutilated — both ourselves and our predecessors; However, we have a conversation about this ahead of us ...

I have been a Siberian since the beginning of the war, since the forty-first. Both my youth and my mature years were spent in a small town called Isilkul, dear to my heart to this day, lost on the forest-steppe plains of the south-west of the Omsk region, near the Kazakh steppes. There, in the vicinity of Isilkul, blown through by blue winter winds, baked by the arid July sun and still lushly green every impassable black earth ringing spring - there and now a part of my soul and heart (although I have been living in Novosibirsk for a long time), and why - you will understand from the book .

But this was preceded by completely different worlds and countries: a fabulous Childhood, with its special, bright, enthusiastic perception of everything that surrounded me, and also Crimea. I was born and grew up in the fabulous city of Simferopol (now it has caught up with the rest of our cities - just as crowded, and gray, and smoky, and cramped), or, more precisely, in Scythian Naples, at the rocky foot of which everything the stream that flows into the Salgir is still noisy, which also rustled and murmured twenty-two centuries ago under the powerful and formidable Tsar Skilur. As a talisman of childhood, somehow connecting me with those times and places, I keep a handful of potsherds, once picked up from the excavations of the acropolis - the city center - the Scythian glorious capital.

And I also keep two talismans-pebbles: one is from the top of my beloved mountain Chatyrdag, the other is chipped off from the step of the front porch of our house where I was born, and he, a battered veteran, is intact to this day, although he suffered for a hundred and fifty years and several wars, and earthquakes, and much more.

For those who like concreteness (and I myself am exactly that) I’ll tell you: if you happen to go to the Crimean coast of the Black Sea, then from the Simferopol trolleybus that goes to Alushta or Yalta, you will see a TV tower on the right - it stands on the highest cliff of the city; up there, at the foot of this tower, there is a short street called Factory Descent (the factory meant canning and fruit, under a rock by the stream, next to it is now a bus station); my house, my “micro homeland” (by the way, until recently I could accurately point to it from any distance) is listed today on that street at number fourteen.

Now in our Court there are a dozen, if not more, families; the former courtyard and garden are built up with outbuildings, cells, sheds, not a bush here, not a blade of grass; If you look through the gates, it's crowded, rubbish, and you don't feel like going into your native Yard... And half a century ago it was - I'm not exaggerating - a real paradise. I drew his plan and landmarks; it is easier for me to describe it this way, and for the reader to present in detail where it was.

Outdated scope - is not it? But it was! My maternal grandfather, a nobleman Viktor Viktorovich Tersky, before his final ruin, bought his daughter an ordinary mansion at that time. I did not find my grandfather. I only remember: several photo albums with numerous "portraits" of his horses and hunting dogs; belts from his guns all embroidered with beaded roses; immense mountains of books (to them I owe most of my knowledge - fortunately, Brem, and Fabre, and Flammarion were there); a portrait of a grandmother, a Moscow chamber singer; antique carved furniture; heavy golden spoons, chains, watches, "dozens", which my impractical parents somehow quickly and, probably, stupidly exchanged in the Simferopol store "Torgsin" in the hungry thirties for flour, lard and some other food, completely me not interested: as soon as I got to my feet, Nature began to open treasures for me, before which those golden spoons and diamonds faded ...

The house, as can be seen from the plan, had 11 rooms, and two more outbuildings in the yard. Part of this square was sometimes occupied by rare tenants, and our yard was quiet, clean, green and very green. Yes, and the whole street, and then - a huge wasteland called "Gelwig Square" (the first rector of the university there) - I remember quiet, clean and green. Only occasionally rumbles its wheels along the stone hump of the street - the rock here came to the surface - a long carriage-mazhara, loaded with heavy orange and green balls, and the Tatar driver shouts in a guttural voice: “Watermelon! Watermelon!” How good were these fragrant honey melons, straight from the distant chestnuts, and striped watermelons with a ruby-cold crispy middle: each cell of this middle was also round and large, with transparent pink plasma, and, like a caviar, it always clicked on the teeth.

One of the outbuildings housed the father's mechanical workshop. He - a native of a peasant family - was a talented self-taught mechanic, and from morning to evening a kerosene engine puffed in the workshop, setting in motion a transmission-shaft on huge bearings under the very ceiling of the hall, on that shaft - large and small pulleys, from them to the right - to the left - belts for machines: lathe, rolling, grinding, sawing ... It would be necessary to talk about all this - first of all about the people who raised me and who surrounded me in childhood, adolescence and after - to tell in more detail, but this, if I'll do it in another book. And this book, about the wonders of Nature, makes you go out the door as soon as possible, into my first Land of Insects - my wonderful, green Yard ...

It seemed huge to me. Although the word “seemed” is not entirely correct: I began my conscious acquaintance with the World from early childhood, when I was three times smaller than an adult; accordingly, everything that surrounded me was, in relation to me, really three times larger than now, and the house, and the Yard, and the street, and the whole City ...

And in the early years I was carefully protected from the street - with its "street" boys, horses, beggars, gypsies (nearby, behind the Red Army cavalry barracks, the once famous Gypsy Slobidka was located) and other "dangers"; they were taken out into the street only in a decorous escort of adults, which happened not so often. But, I remember, I was not very burdened by such captivity - in the Courtyard, huge, overgrown, chirring and chirping, with a deep blue sky above the red tiled roofs of sheds and outbuildings, above the tall stone walls enclosing the Courtyard, five times my height, with emerald gleaming on their upper edges with fragments of bottles, densely and lovingly pressed there, which was very beautiful.

Only later did I find out that this was done throughout the city by no means for beauty, but was at that time a generally accepted remedy for "intruders" - street boys, flaunting mostly barefoot, not for chic, but from poverty, and these radiant glass, supposed to replace barbed wire, did not at all interfere with young hunters to someone's apricots or plums to easily jump into the garden they liked ...

This did not threaten our yard: there were just nothing fruit trees - two plum trees, one apricot, one mulberry, a little raspberry, grapes - that vine has grown and is intact to this day; the rest of the bushes and trees, decorative, grew "just like that" - white locust, lilac, jasmine, elm. And only one corner of the garden had a "cultivated look" - a wooden bench with two round bushes of evergreen boxwood on both sides of it, and behind - the trunk of an old arborvitae with a dense, small-fingered crown also shaped like a ball.

And my Miraculous Court was my first Insect Land - now I would call it - if it survived! — my first urban entomological reserve.

Moreover, I remember well: I didn’t catch anyone here for collections, believing that live insects on the territory of the Court are much more valuable than the ones caught here, but killed in a stain - a jar of poison, dried on pins and placed in the collection .

No one taught me this, no one taught me this; on the contrary, every week they chopped off the necks of chickens on a wooden block near the sheds, more than once in my presence they drowned an excess of cat offspring in a bucket of water ... But no, Love for the Living, which is probably characteristic of each of us in early childhood, accidentally warmed up by closeness and the brightness of the Insect World, did not fade away in me, but, on the contrary, grew and strengthened.

Mankind has been striving for space for a long time. But how to get off the ground? What prevented man from flying up to the stars?

As we already know, this was prevented by terrestrial gravity, or the gravitational force of the Earth - the main obstacle to space flights.

Force of gravity

All physical bodies on Earth are subject to the action law of gravity . According to this law, they all attract each other, that is, they act on each other with a force called gravitational force or gravity .

The magnitude of this force is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the bodies and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Since the mass of the Earth is very large and significantly exceeds the mass of any material body located on its surface, the gravitational force of the Earth is much greater than the gravitational forces of all other bodies. We can say that in comparison with the gravitational force of the Earth, they are generally invisible.

The earth attracts absolutely everything. Whatever object we throw up, under the influence of gravity, it will definitely return to Earth. Drops of rain fall down, water flows down from the mountains, leaves fall from the trees. Any item we drop also falls on the floor instead of the ceiling.

The main obstacle to space travel

Earth's gravity does not allow aircraft leave the earth. And it is not easy to overcome it. But man has learned to do it.

Let's observe the ball lying on the table. If he rolls off the table, the Earth's gravity will cause him to fall to the floor. But if we take the ball and throw it with force into the distance, then it will not fall immediately, but after some time, describing the trajectory in the air. Why was he able to overcome the earth's gravity even for a short time?

And here's what happened. We applied a force to it, thereby imparting acceleration, and the ball began to move. And the more acceleration the ball receives, the higher its speed will be and the farther and higher it will be able to fly.

Imagine a cannon mounted on the top of a mountain, from which projectile A is fired at high speed. Such a projectile is capable of flying several kilometers. But in the end, the projectile will still fall to the ground. Its trajectory under the influence of gravity has a curved appearance. Projectile B is fired from the cannon at a higher speed. The trajectory of its flight is more elongated, and it will land much further. The greater the speed of the projectile, the straighter its trajectory becomes and the greater the distance it flies. And, finally, at a certain speed, the trajectory of the projectile C takes the form of a closed circle. The projectile makes one circle around the Earth, another, a third and no longer falls to the Earth. It becomes an artificial satellite of the Earth.

Of course, no one sends cannon shells into space. But spacecraft that have received a certain speed become satellites of the Earth.

first cosmic speed

What speed should a spacecraft get in order to overcome the earth's gravity?

The minimum speed that an object must be given in order to put it into a near-Earth circular (geocentric) orbit is called first cosmic speed .

Let us calculate the value of this velocity relative to the Earth.

A body in orbit is subjected to the gravitational force directed towards the center of the Earth. It is also a centripetal force trying to pull this body to the Earth. But the body does not fall to the Earth, since the action of this force is balanced by another force - centrifugal, which tries to push it out. Equating the formulas of these forces, we calculate the first cosmic velocity.

where m is the mass of the object in orbit;

M is the mass of the Earth;

v1 is the first cosmic velocity;

R is the radius of the earth

G is the gravitational constant.

M = 5.97 10 24 kg, R = 6,371 km. Hence, v1 ≈ 7.9 km/s

The value of the first terrestrial cosmic velocity depends on the radius and mass of the Earth and does not depend on the mass of the body put into orbit.

Using this formula, you can calculate the first cosmic velocities for any other planet. Of course, they differ from the first cosmic velocity of the Earth, since celestial bodies have different radii and masses. For example, the first cosmic velocity for the Moon is 1680 km/s.

An artificial satellite of the Earth is put into orbit by a space rocket, which accelerates to the first cosmic speed and above and overcomes the earth's gravity.

The beginning of the space age

The first space velocity was achieved in the USSR on October 4, 1957. On this day, earthlings heard the call signs of the first artificial satellite Earth. It was launched into orbit with the help of a space rocket created in the USSR. It was a metal ball with antennae, weighing only 83.6 kg. And the rocket itself had enormous power for that time. Indeed, in order to put into orbit only 1 additional kilogram of weight, the weight of the rocket itself had to increase by 250-300 kg. But the improvement of rocket designs, engines and control systems soon made it possible to send much heavier spacecraft into earth orbit.

The second space satellite, launched in the USSR on November 3, 1957, already weighed 500 kg. On board was complex scientific equipment and the first living creature - the dog Laika.

The space age has begun in the history of mankind.

Second space velocity

Under the influence of gravity, the satellite will move horizontally over the planet in a circular orbit. It will not fall to the surface of the Earth, but it will not move to another, higher orbit either. And in order for him to be able to do this, he needs to be given a different speed, which is called second cosmic speed . This speed is called parabolic, runaway speed , release rate . Having received such a speed, the body will cease to be a satellite of the Earth, leave its surroundings and become a satellite of the Sun.

If the speed of the body when starting from the Earth's surface is higher than the first cosmic velocity, but lower than the second, its near-Earth orbit will have the shape of an ellipse. And the body itself will remain in near-Earth orbit.

A body that, when starting from the Earth, has received a speed equal to the second cosmic velocity, will move along a trajectory that has the shape of a parabola. But if this speed even slightly exceeds the value of the second space velocity, its trajectory will become a hyperbola.

The second cosmic velocity, like the first, for different celestial bodies It has different meaning, since it depends on the mass and radius of this body.

It is calculated by the formula:

Between the first and second cosmic velocity, the ratio is preserved

For the Earth, the second escape velocity is 11.2 km/s.

For the first time, a rocket that overcame gravity was launched on January 2, 1959 in the USSR. After 34 hours of flight, she crossed the orbit of the moon and entered interplanetary space.

The second space rocket towards the Moon was launched on September 12, 1959. Then there were rockets that reached the surface of the Moon and even made a soft landing.

Subsequently, the spacecraft went to other planets.