Athletics. The history of the development of middle distance running in modern times How did running history

Running is an accelerated way of moving a person, which has significant differences from walking. It's presence flight phases where both feet are off the ground.

Running has accompanied a person since its inception and gradually formed as separate sport.

Running: what is it

There are a wide variety of running activities that professional athletes and many people who care about health and fitness.

Sports running as part of athletics

This type of activity has become an integral part of a large number of sports disciplines and the training of athletes in various sports.

As an independent discipline, sports running involves constant training to improve endurance, strength and speed, which are necessary for successful performance in competitions.

Each running step, regardless of technique, consists of two alternating phases:

• supports;
• flight.

The stance phase begins at the moment of repulsion by the supporting leg, while the knee of the fly leg is carried forward. When landing, there is an alternation of support with depreciation in the knee joint.

The flight phase is characterized simultaneous separation of the limbs from the surface, which is the hallmark of running.

What kind of sport is

Running is a fundamental part athletics. He has a huge number of varieties and disciplines, and is also included in the triathlon program.

As a mandatory exercise, running is involved in long jump, high jump, pole jump, triple jump.

Playing sports such as football, basketball, baseball, volleyball also use running.

What are the different types called?

In athletics at the professional level, there are several types of running:

Relay races happen two types:

• Swedish- team overcoming distances 800, 400, 200 and 100 meters. Participants run in turn, overcoming distances in descending order.
• WITH barriers (100*4).

Varieties of training

The health and fitness benefits of running are known to all. There are several varieties that do not have to correspond to Olympic distances:

The history of development

Running has become essential to man throughout history. It was necessary either to catch up with someone or, conversely, to save his life. With the development of the culture of ancient civilizations, the first mention of running as a sports discipline appeared.

If you believe epic "Iliad" (Homer), then the appearance of the Olympic Games is due to a truce due to the death of the Prince of Troy. Both sides agreed to temporarily cease hostilities and hold sports games that included running, fistfights, javelin throwing, archery, and wrestling.

According to legend, competitive running appeared at the end of Trojan War. The Greek ran a marathon distance to announce the victory, after which he fell dead with the words: "Rejoice, we won."

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Origin of various sports disciplines

Appearance different types running due to practical necessity. For example, in Ancient Egypt the relay race was born when several messengers participated in the process of delivering certain messages.

The first mentions of the origin of modern athletics and running as a discipline are by the 17th century and start on the British islands. Already in the 19th century running competitions in England began to hold regular running competitions.

Gradually, representatives from different countries, but differences in the metric system interfered with this. The desire to unite athletes stimulated the development of unified methods for measuring distances.

Over time, the organizers of the competition began to pay attention to the physiological differences between athletes. Some are more inclined to aerobic, short segments of running distances, others to anaerobic, longer, which led to the emergence of new distances.

Competitions

Conventionally, the competitions are divided into several types:

• single runs;
• team, relay.

Competitions in running disciplines are held at various levels: professional and amateur.

TO first type includes the Olympic Games, world and continental championships. Further, there are tournaments at the level of the championship of the country, region, city.

A separate category are competitions on intercollegiate levels, school, as well as amateur races and professional competitions related to special training.

Current Olympic records

The fastest man at the moment is a Jamaican athlete Usain Bolt. On his account 8 Olympic gold medals and 11 won on world championships. During his career he established 8 world records in the 100 and 200 meters, as well as relay races 100x4. Usain Bolt sets world record in running per 100 meters, overcoming the distance in 9.58 seconds, and 200 meters in 19.19 seconds.

Photo 1. Usain Bolt took first place in the 100 meters race during the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2016.

Leonard Komon set a world record in the race 10 thousand meters in 26.44 minutes.

Still hasn't broken a world record Daniel Komen, delivered in 1996 at the Atlanta Olympics. Athlete ran 3 thousand meters in 7 minutes 20.67 seconds. Average for 1 kilometer athlete spent 2.27 seconds.

The oldest marathon runner at the time of the race was 102 years old (2013).

Competition Rules

If for amateur running certain conditions are not needed, then for professional competitions the organizers have to adhere to special standards on the quality of the coating and the marking of the treadmills.

Requirements for a place to run

The circular running track in the stadium must be divided into 6-8 separate lanes. The width of the markup is 5 centimeters, and the width of each band is 1.25 meters. For comfortable and safe acceleration and finish at the stadium, at least 10 meters at the start and 15 at the finish.

Start and finish lines are highlighted wide markings with numbering running tracks. For sprint competitions, running blocks are used at the start, taking into account the radius of the oval, in order to equalize the chances of athletes.

The materials used to cover the competitive tracks, fit into layers, to create an optimal running surface, and the surface is made of rubberized polymer for improved grip.

Indications and contraindications for athletes

Amateur running has practically no restrictions and is used to strengthen the body, as well as the rehabilitation of athletes after injuries.

Professional running is prohibited acute diseases of the cardiovascular system, serious injuries of the musculoskeletal system. These restrictions have been introduced for the safety of athletes, because when overloading occurs, there is a risk of developing irreversible consequences in the work of the heart and blood vessels, and the risk of degenerative processes in the musculoskeletal system, which lead to disability, also increases.

Important! Anthropomorphic characteristics, namely a person's predisposition to, are taken into account when choosing disciplines in which an athlete manifests himself as efficiently as possible.

Features of sportswear and shoes

Professional athletes perform at competitions in special shoes - sneakers with spikes (5-7 pieces in the front of the sole).

This provides better grip on the surface. Shoes are used for cross-country and long amateur running with shock absorbing sole.

Clothing for runners should fit close to the body to reduce air friction. In other cases, it is necessary that the equipment be most convenient and match the season.

Run- one of the ways of movement (locomotion) of humans and animals; It is distinguished by the presence of the so-called "flight phase" and is carried out as a result of complex coordinated activity of skeletal muscles and limbs. Running is characterized, in general, by the same cycle of movements as when walking, the same operating forces and functional muscle groups. The difference between running and walking is the absence of a phase of double support during running.

Introduction

Running provides good conditions as an aerobic exercise that increases the endurance threshold, has a positive effect on the cardiovascular system, increases the body's metabolism and thus helps to control body weight. Running has a positive effect on the immune system and improves skin tone. Strengthening the muscles of the legs and improving metabolism helps prevent and eliminate cellulite.

Running allows you to establish the rhythmic work of the endocrine and nervous systems. During running, when a person constantly overcomes the earth's gravity, jumping up and down in a vertical position, the blood flow in the vessels enters into resonance with running, while previously unused capillaries are activated. Blood microcirculation activates the activity of the internal secretion organs. The flow of hormones increases and contributes to the coordination of the activities of other organs and body systems.

musculature

Basically, the muscles of the heart, thigh and lower leg are involved in running, and in the legs there are not the same nodes of the same muscles that many athletes try to load in the gym, replacing running. In the lower leg when running, not only the calf muscle is involved, which can develop when walking in heels. The flexor and extensor of the thumb and middle finger also pushes the foot, the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles develop. From this, the lower leg becomes more even or full, harmoniously developed.

Secondary muscle development is received by the rectus abdominis, mainly in the nodes near the pubis. But the development of breathing also develops the costal nodes of this muscle.

Breath

Breathing while running is based on the body's need for oxygen. Oxygen starvation causes an increased heart rate, which affects the rapidity of breathing. Breathing, in which it is easy for a runner to talk, is called aerobic, it is considered by the pulse in the amount of less than 60% of the maximum possible. Breathing that makes it difficult to speak is called oxygen starvation breathing. Artificially created oxygen hunger makes the muscles work more actively, increase the number of microcapillaries, develops an increased number of blood vessels in the lungs, which allows oxygen to be taken better from a smaller amount of air.

Nutrition

They run on an empty stomach, planning meals in such a way that the stomach is empty by the start of training. A full stomach strains the pancreas and can contribute to side pain.

For a run that is longer in time (from 1, 2 hours), it is advisable to take quickly digestible food. People who are actively involved in running use sports nutrition.

Story

The first Olympic competitions BC were held only in running. According to legend, the first Olympic Games were organized by Hercules in 1210 BC. e. From 776 BC e. records were kept of the games of the Olympiad, which were held only in running for one stage (192 m). In 724 BC. e. Added competition in two stages. In 720 BC. e. a seven-stage race was added, and as an example to the winner, athletes began to compete naked, this was facilitated by the culture of society, which extolled tanned athletic bodies. Women of childbearing age were not allowed to play, only men competed in the race.

Running and running competitions are known in the history of a "reasonable" person at all times, on all continents, all peoples, starting from a "skillful" person. These are the physical exercises that were necessary for the girls of ancient Greece, for the birth of healthy children. (Aristotle wrote about this, criticizing legislation that does not oblige parents to play sports with girls)

Literature

• Tour Gutos. History of running. M., Text, 2011.
• Stolbov. V.V., Finogenova. L. A., Melnikova. N. Yu. Story physical education and Sports: Textbook. M., Physical culture and sport, 2000.
• Ivanitsky M.F. Human Anatomy: Textbook for higher educational institutions of physical culture. M., Olympia, 2008/

see also

Notes

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See what "Running" is in other dictionaries:

run- run/ … Morphemic spelling dictionary

Ah, suggestion. about running, on the run; m. 1. to Run (1, 4 digits) and Run (1 3, 5 7, 9 digits); the speed of such movement, flow, development. Running man, horse. Running sleigh, glider. Fast run of waves, clouds. Fast paced days. Race run... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

RUN- RUN, a method of movement in which (unlike walking) both legs do not touch the ground at the same time for a single moment, so that the body is in contact with the ground with one foot or is completely off the ground. Running is one of the most common ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

For a long distance. 1. Unfold Iron. Alimony evasion. BBI, 26. 2. Zharg. injection. Iron. Escape from exile or ITU. BBI, 26; BSRZh, 56. Running on the spot. Razg. Iron. About activities that do not bring results. BTS, 63. Give a run. Sib. Quickly… … Big dictionary of Russian sayings

See gait on the run... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. gait running; stadium, diaulos, dolichodrome, cross country, quarry, steeple chase, racing, marathon, jogging, cross country,… … Synonym dictionary

Run- Run. RUNNING, sports at various distances, one of the main types of athletics. There are: smooth running (along the stadium treadmill, highway, including marathon), barrier, with obstacles (the so-called steeple chase), cross. … Illustrated encyclopedic Dictionary

- "RUN", USSR, Mosfilm, 1970, color, 197 min. Drama. Based on the works of Mikhail Bulgakov. The film "Running" is the first domestic film adaptation based on the works of Mikhail Bulgakov. The script was based not only on the play of the same name, but also ... ... Cinema Encyclopedia

RUNNING, sports at various distances, one of the main types of athletics. There are: smooth running (along the stadium treadmill, highway, including marathon), hurdling, with obstacles (the so-called steeple chase), cross ... Modern Encyclopedia

Athletics is one of the oldest sports. We can say that the types of athletics appeared with the birth of man. The life of a person and members of his tribe sometimes depended on the ability to run fast, jump over various obstacles, and throw accurately and far.

According to one of the ancient Greek legends, the first competitions were organized by Hercules in honor of the victory over King Augeus, and they were held on the run between four brothers. According to legend, Hercules drew a place to start running, then measured 600 feet. This distance became the length of the stadium and was called the stage (192.27 m).

First Olympic Games antiquities, about which reliable records have been preserved, date back to 776 BC. Although there is evidence that the Olympic Games were already held in 1580 BC, judging by the inscription on the disk of the famous athlete Poplios Asklepides. Subsequently, running in two stages was included in the running competitions, and in 720 BC. - long distance running (24 stages - 4614.5 m).

No less ancient is relay race. The Egyptians had run-news who served as messengers. Among the Greeks, the “lampaderiomas”, or relay race with torches, was extremely popular. The team included 40 participants.

The origins of the development of modern athletics originate not off the coast of the Mediterranean, but in the British Isles. Already in the manuscripts of the XII century. Londoners athletics are mentioned. Running usually took place on the main roads between cities or at hippodromes. In 1770, the first result of an hour run was recorded - 17 km 300 m.

In the second half of the XIX century. In England, regular athletics competitions began to be held. Running competitions in England were held in yard measures of length (1 yard - 91.4 cm), and for long distances a mile (1609.34 m) was taken as the basis. However, representatives of other countries demanded the introduction of the metric system of measures and managed to achieve this already at the first Olympic Games in Athens in 1896. It must be said that the true development of athletics began precisely after these games. Every year more and more countries enter the fight for the championship in this sport. Americans, Finns, French, Japanese, Poles, Germans and Italians and individual athletes from a number of other countries contribute to the development of athletics.

Since 1928, women have entered the fight for Olympic awards, and women's athletics are beginning to develop intensively. Although women have competed in athletics before.

The beginning of the development of athletics in Russia considered to be the organization "Circle of Sports Lovers", created in 1888 in the town of Tyarlevo near St. Petersburg. The organizers first began to cultivate running, and then other types of athletics. A year later, official running competitions were held. But before this event, running competitions were already held in Russia. Following the example of England and America, in the large Russian cities of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, and others, professional runners performed in parks and public gardens, inviting everyone to measure their strength. They were mostly foreigners, who were often defeated by ordinary Russian people who did not have special training.

Since 1908, Russia has been holding national athletics championship, ace 1913 - All-Russian Olympiads. For the first time, Russian athletes took part in the V Olympic Games in Stockholm, but the performance was unsuccessful. In 1910, the first athletics competition was held in Russia with the participation of students from several higher educational institutions in St. Petersburg. In the same year, the first competitions for women were held.

After the 1917 revolution, the competition took place in 1918 in Moscow. In the future, athletics received great development, as it became the basis for preparing soldiers and the younger generation for service in the Red Army. Many great athletes appeared at that time, and although Soviet athletes did not participate in world championships, many of their results surpassed European and world records of that time.

For the first time, Soviet athletes officially began to take part in the Olympic Games since 1952, and in the European championship since 1950, where they performed quite successfully.

Zhilkin A. I. and others. Athletics. M., 2003. 464 p.

The book outlines the historical aspects of the development and formation of the relay race in the world, Europe, the USSR and Russia, touches upon the analysis of the technique and methods of teaching the relay race. The experimental data concerning the technology of planning the training process of sprint athletes specializing in 4 × 100 and 4 × 400 m relay races are substantiated and systematized. as they give an opportunity to take a fresh look at the existing problems of sprinting and, to a certain extent, charge with optimism regarding the success of their solution.

A series: Athlete's Library

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by the LitRes company.

Historical aspects of the development of the relay race

Historical data show that cross-country relay races were held among the tribes of the Aztecs and Mayans, and in Ancient Greece torch relays were held. Passing the flame in the form of a running relay and lighting the torch has become a tradition at the opening ceremony of the modern Olympic Games.

So, for example, the Olympic torch, intended for the opening of the XXIX Olympic Games in Beijing (China, 2008), was lit on March 24, 2008 in Greek Olympia, and the relay race of its transmission covered 97,000 km, through 5 continents, 21 country of the world and all provinces of China. 2380 people took part in the relay race.

As an athletics competition, relay races became widespread at the end of the 19th century. At first, relay races appeared: 100 m + 200 m + 400 m; 100 m + 200 m + 400 m + 800 m; 200 m + 200 m + 400 m + 800 m, etc. These relay races, as a rule, consisted of various segments of the distance. Over time, relay races with equal distances became the most popular: 4 × 100 m, 4 × 200 m, 4 × 400 m, 4 × 800 m, 4 × 1500 m, 10 × 1000 m, etc.

The rules of the competition have also changed. So, initially there was no “transfer zone” in the relay race, and the relay baton was passed to the participant of the next stage standing still. Passing the baton on the move began in the late 90s of the XIX century, when a 20-meter "transfer zone" was introduced. Since 1963, another 10-meter “acceleration zone” has been introduced in front of the “transfer zone”, which allowed athletes to achieve greater speed when taking the stick. Since that time, the search for the most rational ways of transmitting and receiving a baton begins.

In the program of Olympic competitions, the relay race debuted in 1908 at the IV Olympic Games in London and consisted of the following stages - 200 m + 200 m + 400 m + 800 m.

In its modern form, the relay race 4 × 100 and 4 × 400 m was first held in 1912 at the V Olympiad in Stockholm, where only men competed at these distances. The first winners were, respectively, the teams of Great Britain (42.4 s) and the USA (3:16.7 s - a world record). In the future, the level of achievements in the relay race began to grow continuously. For the first time, the US team ran the 4 × 100 m relay faster than 40 s (1936). Representatives of this country were the first to overcome the 3-minute barrier in the relay race 4 × 400 m (1966). Added to this is the fact that the world record holders in the 4 × 400 m relay are only the US team (see the "Appendix" section), which can be considered a kind of record for all disciplines of athletics.

For women, the 4 × 100 m relay began to be played from the IX Olympic Games (Amsterdam, 1928), and 4 × 400 m - from 1972 (Munich, Germany).

Memories have been preserved of the tension and complexity of the psychological struggle with which these relay races of this type took place. So, in the 4 × 100 m relay race for men in 1912, everyone was confident in the victory of the German team, but it was disqualified, as its participant ran out of the “transfer zone”. The representatives of this country were also unlucky at the 1936 Olympic Games, despite the fact that in the preliminary race the German athletes in the 4 × 100 m relay set a new world record. In the final, already by the third gear, the advantage of this team was about 10 m, which did not raise doubts about its victory. And the unexpected happened: I. Derffeldt, who took the baton from M. Dolinger, did not hold it tightly enough, and the baton fell on the treadmill, thereby depriving the team of gold medals.

The last update of world records in the relay race took place in 2008 at the XXIX Olympic Games in Beijing, where the Jamaican men's team won with a new record (37.10 s), and the "oldest" is the achievement of German runners, who in 1985 set a world record in the 4 × 100 m relay - 41.37 s (see the "Appendix" section).

The first Russian record in the 4 × 100 m relay was set by a men's quartet in 1900 (59.2 s); in 1922 it became equal to 47.1 s (A. Zeizik, N. Sokolov, S. Nazaretov, P. Laudenbach). In 1926, the line of 45 s was overcome.

For the first time at major international competitions, the USSR national team performed in 1946 at the III European Championship (Oslo, Norway). Then the women's quartet in the 4 × 100 m relay (E. Sechenova, V. Fokina, E. Gokieli, V. Vasilyeva) won a bronze medal with a score of 48.7 s. In fact, this medal was the first in the history of the Soviet school of relay races at such major international competitions. And already four years later, at the IV European Championship in Brussels, the USSR men's national team was the best on the continent in the 4 × 100 m relay race, then twice more (1982 and 1986) repeated this achievement. Our women performed even more successfully at the European Championships: in 1954, 1958, 1978, 2006 they became champions at this relay distance, and in the 50-60s of the last century they even set world records several times.

Our relay teams have both great successes and disappointing failures. The men's team in the 4 × 100 m relay was four times second (1952, 1956, 1960, 1972) and twice (1980, 1988) its participants became champions of the Olympic Games.

stable and on high level our sprinters of the 50-60s of the XX century performed: Yu. Konovalov, V. Sukharev, B. Tokarev, A. Tuyakov, L. Bartenev, E. Ozolin, N. Politiko, G Kosanov. Despite the low places in individual competitions, they achieved significant sports results in the relay race due to a well-coordinated transfer. In particular, this is due to the fact that for the first time in the world, after taking the stick, they did not shift it into a “convenient” hand, as was customary in those days. For their high transmission technique, the foreign press called them "wizards of the baton."

Here is what they wrote at that time in the English magazine Athletics World: “The Russians fully deserved the resounding success for their really brilliant running and passing technique” (24).

The traditions of their older comrades were supported by sprinters of the 70-80s: V. Borzov, A. Kornelyuk, Yu. Silovs, V. Lovetsky, A. Aksinin, N. Sidorov, A. Prokofiev, V. Muravyov, V. Bryzgin, V. Savin, V. Krylov.

The USSR women's team in the 4 × 100 m relay race for the first time became the bronze medalist of the Olympic Games in 1968, then, repeating this achievement twice more, and took second place at the Moscow Olympics (1980). At the same time, L. Zharkova-Maslakova ran as part of the team at four Olympics, eventually winning a silver and two bronze medals. G. Malchugina also has high achievements in the relay race, who was awarded silver (Barcelona, ​​1992) and bronze (Seoul, 1988) awards. It is noteworthy that her daughter Yu. Chermoshanskaya supported the traditions of her mother, becoming the Olympic champion in 2008, and thus the eminent family has a complete set of Olympic awards.

As for the 4 × 400 m relay, from the VIII Olympiad (Paris, 1924), the hegemony of the American "relay racers" began, who managed to win at 15 Olympic Games.

This type of relay race originates in the USSR on August 1, 1924, when the result shown by Moscow athletes - 3.38.0 s, was recorded as the first record Soviet Union. After 45 years, the first record of the USSR among women was set - 3.47.4 s.

The first success of Soviet runners in the 4 × 400 m relay is associated with the city of Athens, where the IX European Championship was held (1969). It was there that the USSR national team (E. Borisenko, B. Savchuk, Yu. Zorin, A. Bratchikov) for the first time won such a significant award in the international arena - a silver medal. This was followed by gold at the XXII Olympic Games in Moscow (R. Valulis, M. Linge, N. Chernetsky, V. Markin) and at the I World Championship in Helsinki (Finland, 1983), where the team ran : S. Lovachev, A. Troshchilo, N. Chernetsky and V. Markin.

The achievements of the women's relay teams are even more significant. The first major success of Soviet runners in the international arena was the bronze medal of the Montreal Olympics in 1976 (I. Klimovich, L. Aksyonova, N. Sokolova, N. Ilyina). After there were medals of various denominations at other Olympic Games (in 1980, 1988 and 1992, our runners became the winners of the Olympics), World and European Championships. And the top of the achievements of Soviet athletes (T Ledovskaya, O. Nazarova, M. Pinigina and O. Bryzgin), in addition to gold medals at the Olympics in 1988, was the world record, which has not been surpassed to this day (3.15.17 s).

The modern history of the Russian school of relay running, however, as well as of all athletics, begins on January 1, 1993.

At the IV World Championship in Stuttgart (Germany, 1993), the Russian women's team (O. Bogoslovskaya, G. Malchugina, N. Voronova and I. Privalova) won the first and so far the only gold medal for Russia in the 4 × 100 m relay ( at these competitions, the current official record of Russia in the 4 × 100 m relay was set).

Representatives of the 4 × 100 m relay race came to great success at the XXVIII Olympic Games in Athens, where O. Fedorova, Yu. Tabakova, I. Khabarova and L. Kruglova were awarded silver medals. Then, in 2006, there was a victory at the European Championship in Gothenburg (Yu. Gushchina, N. Rusakova, I. Khabarova, E. Grigorieva, E. Kondratieva, L. Kruglova).

The victory of Russian runners - E. Polyakova, A. Fedoriv, ​​Yu. Gushchina and Yu. Chermoshanskaya at the XXIX Olympic Games in Beijing (2008) became the crowning achievement of the national relay race school.

In the 4 × 400 m relay race, the achievements of Russian women at the Olympic Games are also significant. In 2000, in Sydney, they were awarded bronze medals, and in the years. Athens (2004) and Beijing (2008) won silver medals. To this it should be added that the women's national team of the country in the relay race 4 × 400 m is a repeated winner and prize-winner of the world and European indoor championships. The most titled runners in the 4 × 400 m relay are Antyukh Natalya, Goncharenko Svetlana, Gushchina Yulia, Zykina Olesya, Kapachinskaya Anastasia, Kotlyarova Olga, Nazarova Natalya, Nosova-Pechyonkina Yulia, Pospelova Svetlana, Chebykina Tatiana, Firova Tatiana.

Successes in recent history for men begin with the European Championships in Helsinki (1994), when the quartet in the 4 × 400 m relay took third place - M. Vdovin, D. Kosov, D. Bey and D. Golovastov. Eight years later (Munich), the Russians in such competitions have already climbed a step higher. To this should be added the achievements at the World Indoor Championships, where in 2001 and 2004. our team was silver, and in 2006 - bronze medalist.

The most striking performance of the men's relay team 4 × 400 m was the bronze medal at the Olympic Games in Beijing (2008), where our quartet also set two country records.

More detailed information about the achievements of the Russian relay school, among various age groups, is presented in the "Appendix" section.

Table 1 shows world, European and Russian Federation in the relay race as of August 01, 2009

Table 1

Records of the world, Europe and the Russian Federation in the relay race 4 × 100 and 4 × 400 m

FOR STADIUMS

INDOOR

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The following excerpt from the book Relay run. History, technique, training, training (O. M. Mirzoev, 2009) provided by our book partner -

Run is a natural human movement that children learn in the first years of life. Fast running helped our distant ancestors to be more successful in hunting or escaping from predators. In the ancient world, where physical strength and endurance were considered the main qualities necessary for a long and successful life, running became one of the indicators of preparedness.

It is known that running competition for speed were carried out long before our era in the ancient countries of the Near East (Mesopotamia, Egypt). These competitions are traditionally timed to coincide with the holidays.

100m start (1896 Olympics in Athens)

Travel speed ancient and medieval armies depended on the speed of movement of its least mobile part - the infantry. Running training (full-equipped marches) were an integral part of the life of any army. Particularly gifted warriors, who could run considerable distances at high speed, were appointed messengers. They carried scrolls of information from city to city.

First official running competition- Olympic Games 776 BC. e. At these competitions, sprinters ran only one stage (192 m). In 724 BC. e. running was introduced in two stages. Another four years passed, and the ancient Greeks decided to introduce running at the 24th stage into the program. There are records that confirm that already at that time the ancient Greeks had their own training systems for runners. We practiced training with a mixed pace, special running exercises (running with a high lift, lapping of the lower leg, running with jumps). The winners of the games became heroes in their cities, they erected monuments and sang in verse. Thanks to such odes, the names of the first track and field athletics stars, Astila, Echion and Fanas, have come down to us after three millennia.

V 394 CE e. ancient olympic games ceased to exist, and in the ensuing dark time, running competitions were practically not held. Speed ​​races were held during the long medieval festivities, but were not as popular and numerous as in ancient times.

Running as an independent discipline was further developed only in the 18th century.

Running has gained the most popularity in Foggy Albion: competitions were held here on high roads between cities or on the paths of hippodromes. There were also hourly running competitions. In 1837, the first hurdle race was held in England, in which Rugby College students participated. In 1845, a long-distance race was organized in England.

However, the real triumph of sports, including running, took place in 1886 d, when the first modern Olympic Games opened under the leadership of Pierre de Coubertin. The following distances were presented at the competitions in Athens - 100, 400, 800, 1500, 110 m hurdles and a marathon. Gradually, more and more new running types were added to the program of games. It was possible to start at these competitions from any position convenient for the runner.

In our time, running is constantly evolving. Despite the fact that the foundations of running technique (sprinting and long distance running) were formed more than a century ago, today's talented coaches are developing new approaches to the training process and improving technique. Improved means of recovery, thanks to which runners gain more endurance. Separately, it is necessary to say about the mass character of jogging. In developed countries, running through parks, city streets, sidewalks is a common thing. Runners participate in all kinds of mass runs, unite in clubs. The greatest development of amateur running is observed in the marathon and long distances.

There are so many people who want to take part in large mass races that the start lasts several hours.

In Russia the origin of the running movement is associated with the creation in 1888 of a circle of sports lovers. It was formed in the town of Tyarlevo near St. Petersburg by Pyotr Moskvin, who attracted young people who were resting on vacation to take part in classes. A year later, the first official running competitions were held.

Members of the circle made their debut at international competitions in 1901 in Sweden. Only 50 athletes (from the capital and Riga) took part in the first national championship in 1908 in St. Petersburg. In 1912, a delegation of Russian athletes participated in the Olympic Games for the first time.

However, due to the low level of development of running in Russia, the understaffing of the team, none of the domestic athletes won prizes. The main problem of jogging in pre-revolutionary Russia is the chosenness of this sport: only wealthy citizens were engaged in it.

V Soviet time running has become a real mass phenomenon. At the first USSR athletics championship in 1923, 389 athletes from 40 cities of the country participated. The 1928 Spartakiad was attended by 1,300 athletes not only from the Soviet Union, but also from 15 foreign countries.

For the first time, athletes of the USSR participated in the Olympic Games in 1952. Their performance was successful. At the 1960 Olympics, the Soviet athletics team defeated the American runners. Subsequently, in addition to the Olympic Games, the USSR-USA match meetings became the main international competitions, during which both rivals alternately won.

Over time, thanks to the improvement of the training process, the use of new technologies in the manufacture of running tracks, the modernization of athletes' clothes and methods of measuring time, the results grew.

The running track of the ancient Olympic Games was unpaved. Athletes started, leaning on marble slabs. The running track of the first modern Olympic Games was made of compacted soil. The next step was to cover the tracks with a layer of cinder. Progress did not stand still, running surfaces were made of concrete, asphalt, rubber bitumen.

Now they are satisfied with asphalt-based polyurethane coatings.

Running shoes are also being improved. At the dawn of the development of running as a sport, athletes practiced in ordinary soft shoes. With the advent of the cinder track, shoes with long sharp spikes were used for better grip. When the stadiums began to be covered with rubber-bitumen and polyurethane tracks, the length of the spikes on running shoes decreased. Modern training shoes completely repeat the bends of the feet, allowing you to soften the impact when running on the joints and ligaments. Athletes' clothing is undergoing changes in the direction of reducing its area (especially for women). Gone are the long t-shirts and shorts. Now runners train and perform in short tops and minishorts.

Entire sports laboratories are working on improving the characteristics of materials. If earlier precious seconds were measured using a manual stopwatch, now this process is done automatically: using a system of sensors that are installed in the starting blocks. The result can be measured to the nearest hundredth of a second.

Every year the number of participants in mass races is growing, athletes unite in jogging clubs, which are found in almost every major city in Russia.