Facing heat-resistant brick. A reliable stove: what kind of brick is needed to lay it. Which brick to choose for laying a stove

When preparing to build a stove, each owner will have to solve many problems. For example, if he does not plaster it, or even does not cover the heating structure with tiles, then he should think carefully about which brick is best to use for the stove. If it is of poor quality, then jointing will not help. Therefore, the issue of choosing a brick is a very important matter.

Types of bricks for the stove

Important! When choosing a stone for the construction of a stove structure, you need to remember that the functioning of the heating unit, as well as the safety of the entire building, depends on it.

In this regard, you should familiarize yourself with the different types and shapes of bricks and their main qualities in order to decide which brick is best for the stove. It is clear that most of the stone for the future structure must be fireproof. Depending on the material of manufacture, there are the following types of heat-resistant bricks:

• fireclay;
• quartz;
• carbon.

Primary requirements

The furnace is laid from solid stone, which has no voids or chips. It should be different:

• correctness of forms;
• the presence of intact edges;
• high-quality firing;
• fixed size.

Plus, if you tap it, the sound should be clear.

Fireclay brick

It is most often used in domestic buildings, although it is often used in the construction of industrial facilities.

This heat-resistant brick owes its name to a special material - fireclay, which is produced from white kaolin clay in rotary or shaft kilns by firing at very high temperatures (about 1400-1500⁰C). Therefore, such products can be used at high temperatures and remain neutral to chemical, acid and other influences. This type of alumina brick can have different shades.

Features of the production of fireclay bricks for furnaces greatly influence its price. And therefore, in order to reduce the cost of the stove, such products are usually used when laying the combustion chamber and some elements of the chimney system.

Main characteristics

Fireclay bricks are different:

• high fire resistance;
• the ability to accumulate and release thermal energy;
• high porosity, which is ensured by the presence of aluminum oxide in it.

By the way, the latter quality determines the long heating and the same cooling of the stone.

Important! The percentage of thermal conductivity of a brick is inversely proportional to its mass. That is, the greater the mass of the stone, the lower the thermal conductivity.

Therefore, when purchasing, you should pay special attention to this quality.

Regular fireclay bricks are produced in sizes 250x120x65 mm. Due to the increasing pace of construction and demand for products, the production of shortened and elongated blocks, as well as bricks of various volumes and configurations, has now been launched.

Thanks to the wide range of colors of products, more and more consumers are buying fireclay bricks for laying stoves and do not use facing or clinker tiles at all.

Quartz

If the clay mass used to produce refractory bricks for the furnace needs to be reinforced with large grains of quartz, graphite or coke powders, then after burning, the result will be a brick with different properties, respectively, of different types: quartz and carbon.

Quartz, like its carbon counterpart, belongs to the red refractory brick. It is used to construct vaults in reverberatory furnaces. In addition, it is used to construct the walls of furnaces, which in the future will only come into contact with metals or fire.

Clay is used to cement such products, which gives the fired product incredible strength.

Carbon

If you press clay together with coke or graphite, you get a high-quality carbon-type refractory brick. But such stones are not used for domestic purposes, but only in industrial production. For example, without them it is impossible to build an open-hearth or.

Features of clinker bricks

This type of ceramic brick first appeared in Holland. Due to the elevated temperature during firing, the product has virtually no inclusions or pores, which contributes to a significant improvement in its performance characteristics.

Important! It is characterized by increased strength, frost resistance, durability, and low water absorption.

These qualities explain its extraordinary popularity in the construction world. But in terms of its properties, it is significantly superior to its “brothers”. And the whole point is that:

Firstly, it is made from a special type of clay - refractory for different periods of time.

Secondly, clay is fired at temperatures of 1250-1300⁰С, while the usual construction option is at 800-900⁰С.

Requirements for bricks for laying stoves

Brick for the construction of furnaces must meet certain requirements and differ:

• resistance to high temperature changes;
• sufficient mechanical strength;
• the ability to accumulate and conserve thermal energy.

All bricks for ceramic-type ovens, in terms of compliance of products with certain shapes and sizes, must meet the requirements of GOST 390-96. This document also indicates the temperature limits for the use of each type.

The fireclay type of brick must comply with GOST 390-96, which specifies the requirements and standards for these products.

The operation of furnaces is accompanied by regular heating and cooling. Therefore, stones are exposed to temperature changes, causing them to expand and contract. In this regard, the brick must have a sufficient margin of strength, otherwise it will not be able to withstand deformation and destruction.

Different bricks for different parts of the furnace

Furnace units for solid fuel are distinguished by a variety of designs. The functioning of composite heating systems occurs under different conditions. Let's find out together what kind of brick is needed to build a stove, as well as its individual parts.

Typically, two types of bricks are used for laying stoves: simple ceramic and refractory. The first of them is an excellent option for the construction of external stove parts, including chimneys, the second is indispensable when laying fireboxes. In details.

General structure of the furnace

The photo clearly shows the structure of the furnace, the components of which are almost identical to all structures of this kind.

Firebox with ashlar

The combustion chamber is characterized by the presence of two-layer walls. To create the outer part of the heating device, they use a facing type of ceramic brick, and the inner part - fireclay brick.

This is due to the fact that the temperature loads of the outer wall are much lower in comparison with its outer part, therefore more attention is paid to decorative characteristics.

Smoke channels

They are nothing more than heat exchangers of significant volumes, the temperature in which decreases with height, but is still relatively high. Therefore, this element of the heating structure is most often constructed from fireclay bricks. Although for beauty, the outside of the chimney is lined with facing tiles or bricks.

Chimney

This part of the fuel system is exposed not only to precipitation, but also to temperature changes. Therefore, it is advisable to use frost-resistant and heat-resistant stones for the construction of chimneys. Most often, these elements are characterized by a two-layer structure, with the presence of decorative finishing in the form of metal boxes or decorative types of brick.

Therefore, we can conclude that if bricks with appropriate properties are used for the construction of stove elements, then the entire structure will be endowed with excellent thermophysical properties and will last for decades. For experienced stove makers, the selection of material for laying a stove is a very important issue. Upon careful inspection, they reject bricks with large cracks, deep damage, chips and give preference to good material.

What types of bricks are there?

Any refractory brick, including red, belongs to a specific grade, which is determined by its quality.

There are the following types of bricks for laying a furnace:

Which brick should you not use to build a stove?

If the brick has low heat resistance and an unsuitable composition, then it should not be used when laying a stove.

In this regard, it is prohibited to use when creating a furnace:

• ordinary building bricks, which can only be used in the manufacture of low-heating units. Under no circumstances should this type of stone be used when laying a firebox or even;
• a hyper-pressed analogue, since highly molded products are suitable for stoves. During firing, water completely evaporates from such a product, and the pores formed inside make the pressed product weakly strong, and therefore of poor quality;
• silicate material, since it is filled with lime and other additives. Therefore, at high temperatures, the firebox will begin to crumble and crack. Plus, when exposed to heat, it begins to release substances harmful to health;
• decorative items. It is only allowed to use them to veneer fireclay surfaces, and then only in cases where the laying was done correctly (then the heating of these surfaces is small - within 55-60⁰C).

Possible options for placing bricks in the kiln

If you were asked which brick is best to use for a stove, the answer is clearly visible in the photo. That is, from the point of view of the “bricks”, the stove should look like this: 1 – foundation, 2 – firebox, 3 – smoke circulation part, 4 – chimney, 5 – chimney.

Foundation

It is the basis of the entire stove structure, so it must be very durable. In addition, it must be vapor- and moisture-proof, since even a minimal amount of water should not penetrate through it. Otherwise, the entire unit will become damp, and it will be impossible to talk about the quality of heating. In winter, a significant part of the base may have a temperature below zero degrees. Therefore, the foundation must be built with frost-resistant brick, which can be first-class material or 3rd grade brick. You can also use clinker stone.

So, what material is better to choose for a stove? In order:

• in terms of price - red brick of the 3rd grade;
• in the case of creating a heavy structure (for example, Dutch), give preference to the 1st grade, as the most durable and high-quality;
• in areas where there are predominantly long winters and severe frosts, clinker bricks are best suited, since they are highly durable and frost-resistant.

Firebox

In this part of the furnace, temperatures can be within 1100⁰C and higher. Therefore, ceramic material is not suitable here at all, since it can melt (the limit for it is 1150-1180⁰ C).

The firebox is subjected to low mechanical loads. The main function of this stove element is to quickly receive a large amount of thermal energy and transfer it faster to the heat storage device (accumulator) - the smoke circulation and facing parts. It is clear that fireclay, with which the firebox is laid out, has such properties.

Smoke circulation part

It does not have direct contact with fire, but still the heating from the flue gases is decent: 450-800⁰С. One of its functions is to allow them to burn out completely, which means that the gases here are still chemically active. In addition, a lot of thermal energy accumulates in the smoke circulation, which must be released so that it is enough until the next combustion process. Therefore, there are no options here: 1st grade.

Facing

It also plays a big role in the process of heat transfer, but, so to speak, it largely ensures the “breathing” of the heating structure. In addition, the cladding must hold the finish well, which is not easy in such conditions: temperature changes are too large. Considering this circumstance, it is best to cover the structure with second-grade brick.

The fact is that such stones are characterized by sufficient heat capacity for a given location and increased porosity, which together will provide the stove with deep, even breathing. Plus, some unevenness and roughness of the edges of the 2nd grade brick will ensure ideal adhesion to the mortar of any ingredients during further cladding with ceramic tiles.

Chimney

If you look at the chimney, then the part above the view is the chimney, indicated in the photo by the number 5. It is here that there are maximum fluctuations in relative humidity (from 10-15% to 100%) and temperature indicators (from 400⁰C to -45⁰C). In addition, rain or snow or other precipitation may directly enter it. Plus, there are large wind loads that can change in direction over a short period of time. Despite this, the material for the pipe must be such that it can quickly warm up, otherwise there will be no normal draft, which will lead to slow heating of both the stove and the room as a whole. Therefore, it is recommended to construct the chimney from 1st grade brick (under normal conditions). A good option is to use used bricks impregnated with soot (the so-called mezhigorka). Although such material is used only inside the building, since stains may appear on it, which can break through the best finish.

If you live in places with harsh weather conditions, then you need to lay out a double-layer pipe. To do this, you should lay hollow, first-class material on the outside, and use the clinker option on the inside. This is the only case of using hollow material in the furnace business.

Just a little about solutions

Usually, when laying a stove, clay mortar is used. Although, for example, the cement composition is also used in the furnace business - when lining an already finished structure. It is also sometimes used as fire-resistant concrete when arranging a firebox.

When performing work in the combustion chamber, fireclay sand or special fireclay fillers ZShA or ZShB are used as a filler. Although the labeling of these mixtures is different, there is practically no difference between them.

The quality of the stove’s functioning depends on the choice of brick. Due to the variety of brick products, it is important to choose the right building material for each stove element, which will ensure optimal operation of the entire heating unit. Home comfort, warmth in your homes, a quiet life and the well-being of the whole family depend on this.

Despite the wide existing opportunities to organize a system, many still stop at a brick kiln. It would seem that this is a conservative and very outdated method, but in a house with stove heating, an optimal level of humidity is maintained during the cold season. In addition, a brick oven is a special comfort and expressive detail, and in some cases the only way to organize. Creating a brick oven is a whole science, the cornerstone of which is the correct choice of material. What brick is best to use for a stove, what requirements are put forward for it, and what material should never be used?

No. 1. Basic requirements for bricks for laying stoves

The stove must cope with a lot of complex negative factors affecting it, including very high temperatures and sudden temperature changes down to negative values, if winter occurs only occasionally in a country house. The chimney, which is in direct contact with the environment, is also exposed to sudden temperature changes. Therefore, the brick that is used to equip the stove in the house is must meet the following general requirements:

• resistance to high temperatures and open flames;
• high mechanical strength;
• resistance to temperature fluctuations;
• the ability to accumulate heat and retain it.

They are used for laying one stove, and each is used in the arrangement of a specific part of it.

No. 2. Furnace elements and suitable bricks

A solid fuel stove is a complex structure, each element of which operates under different conditions, so it is unlikely that it will be possible to lay out all its component elements with one brick. Conventionally, the following parts can be distinguished in the design of the furnace:

Brick for the furnace foundation

Natural requirements for foundation bricks - strength, moisture resistance and frost resistance, since part of it can cool down to negative temperatures. For arranging the furnace foundation they use ceramic or clinker brick. A universal option - first grade, which can be used even for the construction of massive two-story stoves. It is permissible to use ceramics of lower quality if the load on the furnace foundation is low. Clinker brick is used in regions with harsh climates, as it shows exceptional frost resistance.

Brick for furnace firebox

The combustion chamber of solid fuel, as a rule, has double-layer walls: the interior is constructed from fireclay bricks, and the outer (facing) is made of ceramic. The temperature in the firebox reaches 1100 0 C, and ceramic bricks begin to melt at a temperature of 1150 0 C, so the inside of the furnace is lined with fireclay bricks, for which such temperatures are not destructive. Moreover, the material copes well with heat accumulation. It is worth noting that sometimes the firebox is made of heat-resistant ceramic bricks, but this is possible only for stoves with a relaxed thermal regime (for example, a Russian stove). Since such high temperatures are not affected, it can be organized from.

Brick for smoke ducts

Smoke ducts are the large heat exchanger of the furnace. The temperature in it, although lower than in the firebox, is still high and it is better to use it for laying its elements fireclay brick. Externally, smoke channels can be lined with ceramic bricks.

Brick for chimney

The temperature in the chimney can vary from -40 0 C to +400 0 C, i.e. the material must be frost-resistant and withstand temperature changes. In addition, the pipe must warm up quickly enough so that the furnace can increase draft - if this happens slowly, then we will deal with excessive fuel consumption and increased soot deposition. It is also worth taking into account mechanical loads, which mainly consist of the influence of wind of any direction. Therefore, it is suitable for arranging a furnace chimney ceramic brick with maximum frost resistance. In regions with harsh climates, pipes can be laid with two layers of brick : the first is clinker, the second is hollow ceramic. By the way, this is the only case that allows the use of hollow bricks when arranging a stove.

Brick for oven cladding

Depending on the idea and design solution, the furnace lining is performed in one of the following ways:

No. 3. What should ceramic bricks be like for a stove?

Ceramic brick actually underlies the construction of the furnace and also serves for its cladding. It is not difficult to guess that the durability, safety and correct functioning of the stove depend on its quality and compliance with the requirements. Better for masonry choose a brick with these characteristics:

Ceramic bricks are divided into grades, and each of the three grades has the right to be used in the construction of a furnace, but only for certain work:

No. 4. Fire brick for furnace

The furnace firebox is lined with special refractory bricks, The following types are allowed:

Due to the described features Fireclay brick is the most widely used when laying fireboxes, they line the combustion chamber of the furnace and the initial parts of the chimney channels, where post-combustion processes are still possible. Fireclay brick is suitable for creating all elements of the furnace, but its use is limited by its high price and specific appearance.

When choosing fireclay bricks for the stove, pay attention to the following points:

No. 5. Clinker brick for kiln

In the arrangement of the furnace it is allowed to use. It is produced on the basis of special refractory varieties of clay (clinker), which are fired at temperatures up to 1300-1500 0 C. At this temperature, the clay is sintered with mineral additives into a glassy mass, and traces of drips are even visible on the spoons. Clinker brick is different highest strength(M300 and even higher), frost resistance(F100 and above), withstands temperature exposure up to 1200 0 C And not afraid of aggressive substances.

So why are such products not so often used in the arrangement of stoves? It's all about high price, because there are almost no deposits of suitable raw materials in Russia, and heavy weight bricks In addition, clinker brick is not able to ensure proper “breathing” of the furnace, and is inferior in heat resistance to fireclay.

Sometimes though the use of clinker bricks for laying a furnace is justified:

No. 6. Which brick should not be used for a stove?

It would not be amiss to list which bricks cannot be used for the stove, since this is a responsible design and requires compliance with safety precautions. So, completely unsuitable:

No. 7. Size and shape of bricks for the stove

When laying a stove today, as a rule, they use standard single brick with dimensions 250*120*65 mm, but some masonry schemes are designed for the so-called. furnace module dimensions 230*125*65 mm. This is already an outdated format, but manufacturers, as a rule, have a whole line of products focused specifically on the stove module, so before buying a brick you need to understand exactly what type the stove was designed for.

No. 9. External inspection of brick

When choosing bricks for the stove, you must look certificate of conformity, where the basic properties of the material should be indicated and the fact that this brick can be used in the construction of a furnace must be emphasized. In addition, a visual inspection is essential:

No. 10. Kiln brick manufacturers

The best guarantee of brick quality is. Refractory bricks are represented by products of foreign and domestic enterprises, among which the largest and most reputable are:

Of course, the quality of the stove also depends on the design and construction technique, but what brick is chosen for laying the stove is decisive, so this issue should be treated with the utmost care.

Our company offers to buy stove bricks in Moscow with a quality guarantee. The range includes high-strength materials from leading foreign and domestic factories. The price of stove bricks depends on the composition and characteristics of the material and the financial policy of the manufacturing company. Free temporary storage of the products you order in our warehouse is possible.

Features of materials

A stove brick is a solid brick that can withstand elevated temperatures (up to 1000 °C). It is made from easy- and medium-melting clay, to which sand is added (approximately 50% of the total mass). The physicochemical parameters of kiln bricks ensure good accumulation and uniform heat distribution. The standard dimensions of the product are 250 x 120 x 65 mm, which allows you to optimize the installation process. Lime-magnesium materials are used for the construction of industrial furnaces. In addition to good heat accumulation, they are also distinguished by record strength. Kiln bricks are divided into the following types:

• aluminous,
• carbon,
• quartz,
• fireclay,
• basic.

Where to buy quality stove bricks

Stoves and fireplaces have become popular again in recent years. Rarely can you see a country house without a cozy and warm fireplace. But, of course, when building a fireplace or stove, you don’t want to get into trouble and rebuild the entire structure because of the wrong material.

In this article we will try to find out which brick is better for laying a stove.

What type of brick to choose

Let's try to understand its types, features and limits of application, and also find out what brand of brick is used for laying stoves.

Types of bricks

First of all, this product should be divided into subtypes based on the material from which it is made:

• ceramic: made from a mixture of various clays by firing;
• silicate: consists mostly of sand and lime, plus a small percentage of additives. The resulting mixture is hardened not in a kiln, but in an autoclave. By adding pigment, you can obtain a product of any desired color.

One clarification should be made: the explanatory dictionary says that a brick is a block of a mixture of baked clay. That is, based on these words, silicate is not a brick at all.

The builders themselves, as well as the stove makers, draw a clear line between the two types of brick. And even GOST standards for them are different. Accordingly, our main discussion will be about ceramic bricks.

Types of clinkers, based on the area of ​​application:

• – in fact, the building brick itself, from which all the internal masonry is made;
• front - also known as finishing - it is used to make parts of the finished structure visible to the eye. It is made more accurately, uniform in color, with more clearly defined and smooth edges. It is often hollow to retain heat.

Technical characteristics of bricks

You and I understand perfectly well what kind of brick is needed for a stove: fireproof, of course. After all, the temperature in the firebox can reach 1000 degrees Celsius.

In addition to fire resistance, the material also has the following parameters:

• strength– that is, the ability to resist stress and deformation while remaining intact;
• brand– this is the same letter M that we are used to seeing in various catalogs. For example, double sand-lime brick M 150. M 150 here means that this specimen is capable of withstanding a load of 150 kg per cm3. Markings from 100 to 175 are most often found on sale, although 300 can also be found;
• frost resistance– the ability of the product to withstand a certain number of freezing and thawing cycles;
• water absorption indicated as a percentage. Always consider what exactly you will be building when looking at this indicator. Easily absorbing water, it is not suitable for building foundations, for example.
• weight and size- this indicator is important when calculating the future size of the building. Don't lose sight of him.
• thermal conductivity- again, a very interesting indicator for us. If it gives off heat poorly, it will not be good at building a stove with your own hands.

Types of refractory bricks

• – transfers heat well and tolerates temperature changes, is not susceptible to chemical reactions, including with alkalis. The price is quite reasonable and cannot fail to please. The only negative is that temperatures above 1000 degrees destroy this product very quickly. One of the most suitable options for us. You can see it in the photo below.

• quartz- a slightly more expensive option, which is also susceptible to chemical reactions. Can only be used in isolated places so as not to cause its destruction.

• periclase– is made from a complex mineral composition; the names of the minerals will not tell a non-specialist anything. It is widely used in industry, especially metallurgy, due to its resistance even to ultra-high temperatures.

• carbon– made from pressed graphite and has a very highly specialized purpose. It is not used for stoves and fireplaces, so we’ll stop there.

It is important to understand that there is no need to build the entire furnace entirely from refractory bricks. After all, it’s more expensive and doesn’t make any sense. A chimney, for example, can be made from an ordinary one, as well as a woodshed with an ash pit, because the temperature in them is not too high; ordinary red one is quite capable of withstanding their temperature regime.

Advice! In addition to using refractory and ordinary bricks, do not forget about thermal insulation. It must be used in the construction of the outer walls of a stove or fireplace to prevent a fire hazard.

Types of Thermal Insulation Bricks

• – its air chamber will allow you to easily maintain the required oven temperature;

• cement-sand– has negligible thermal conductivity, which will avoid fires and isolate the fireplace area from the entire house;
• foam diatomite– performs the same functions as the previous type, but has a significant disadvantage – it cannot withstand temperatures above 900 degrees.

The most common brands and manufacturers of oven bricks