Pierre bezukhov. The moral quest of Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace Pierre Bezukhov description of the hero

The writer combined in him the best human qualities, showed through the prism of world-scale events the personal experiences of the character, the spiritual development of the personality.

After finishing "War and Peace", Lev Nikolayevich said that he was ready to spend his whole life writing a novel, if only it would resonate in the hearts of his compatriots, so that the work would be addressed both after 20 years and after 30. The dreams of the author of the epic came true: after a century and a half The novel makes readers all over the world think about the meaning of life.

Novel "War and Peace"

Leo Tolstoy approached the creation of another imperishable work with inherent pedantry. "War and Peace" is five thousand sheets of drafts and seven years of hard work. The author, in an attempt to find the truth about the war, spent months studying documents, books and magazines about the events of 1812, even visited the battlefields in Borodino.

At first, the writer was going to create a novel about an exiled Decembrist, where the action takes place in the middle of the 19th century, then he changed his mind and returned 25 years ahead, then pushed back the framework to the beginning of the war with, and finally stopped at 1805.

The great artistic creation also went down in history as a new literary format. Lev Nikolayevich stubbornly searched for an unusual type of presentation, as a result he presented to the reading world a genre that had not yet existed - an epic novel that united dozens of destinies in the light of significant historical events.

Next to the central characters, the prose writer settled Pierre Bezukhov. The illegitimate son of Count Kirill Bezukhov, after 10 years spent abroad, returned to his native land. The reader meets the young man in the salon of Anna Scherer - this is Pierre's first appearance in the world. Society with disgust and irony looks at the naive bastad with his ridiculous appearance, manners and straightforward statements.

After the death of his father, Pierre Bezukhov inherits and acquires the status of an enviable groom, strikes in revelry and revelry. Soon he says goodbye to his bachelor life, taking Elena Kuragina, known as Helen, as his wife. The mistake in choosing a life partner is obvious - a stupid, prudent lady, moreover, is not distinguished by chastity, cheating on her husband right and left.

A shock for Pierre is the news of a love affair with a friend Fyodor Dorokhov. Only a duel can protect honor, in which the clumsy and harmless Bezukhov, forced by the laws of society to shoot himself, miraculously wounded his opponent. Living with Helen Kuragina is no longer bearable, and the young man is at odds with his wife.

From the very beginning, Lev Nikolayevich presents the character as a restless person who is trying to answer eternal questions about the meaning of life, purpose, love and hate. Spiritual quests are gaining momentum after treason and a duel, as a result, Pierre is fond of Freemasonry. But here, too, disappointment awaits: instead of higher motives, Bezukhov reveals the true goals of the movement - to rise in society, take possession of "uniforms and crosses", and have a good time in fashionable salons.

The events of 1812, which destroyed the ideals of the hero, help to recover from the experienced personal drama. Pierre Bezukhov sees the heroism of soldiers in the war and also follows their example, discovering courage, courage and the ability to sacrifice in his soul. The Battle of Borodino clearly shows Pierre how ordinary people defend their native land without much thought about the meaning of life.

Bezukhov decides to stay in the occupied capital, naively believing that he will kill Napoleon. But he is captured, where a fateful acquaintance with the peasant Platon Karataev happens.

The wisdom and high spirituality of a soldier changes Pierre's attitude to life and society. Surprisingly, only in captivity does the hero find peace, accept himself and the shortcomings of others: he understands “not with his mind, but with his whole being, with his life, that a person was created for happiness, that happiness is in himself, in satisfying natural human needs.”

However, a simple path to the complete acceptance of being is not for Pierre, he sees a way out in the moral renewal of society and decides to join the ranks of a secret organization. On the love front, fate presents Pierre with a gift - reciprocal feelings and a happy family life. Although before the couple reunited, years passed.

For the first time, Pierre saw a 13-year-old girl with an open and trusting soul visiting the Rostovs. For a very long time, Bezukhov treated her like a child, watching with interest the development and formation of a personality. Natasha, betrothed to a close friend of Pierre, betrayed her fiancé, almost escaping with Kuragin, Helen's brother, who had seduced her. The betrayal shocks Bezukhov, besides, he feels some involvement in the fall of the heroine, because he was still married to Helen.

But soon the girl woke up from the spell of Kuragin and plunged into a pool of strong emotions. Bezukhov supported Natasha - and through these sufferings he examined the pure soul of the heroine. Feelings arose gradually, only after the death of Bolkonsky, communicating with Rostova, he realized that he was full of love for this pure, high being. At the end of the novel, Natasha Rostova accepts a marriage proposal from Pierre Bezukhov, and years later the couple raise four children.

Image

Leo Tolstoy could not decide on the name of one of the key characters in the novel. Before becoming Pyotr Kirillovich Bezukhov, his “passport data” changed three times: in the sketches he appeared as Prince Kushnev, then Pyotr Medynsky, then Arkady Bezukhy. And when the author conceived a work about the Decembrists, the hero bore the name Pyotr Lobazov. Moreover, Pierre does not have a specific prototype, as the writer admitted, the character is in many ways similar to himself.

In the appearance of the hero there is no aristocracy. Readers get acquainted with a well-fed young man with a cropped head and glasses - in a word, nothing remarkable. A sullen, somewhat stupid face, sometimes with the expression of a guilty person, is instantly changed by a smile - then Pierre even becomes handsome. The absurdity of the image, absent-mindedness causes ridicule from the environment. However, observant people notice a timid, but intelligent look.

Tolstoy concluded in the character all the best characteristics, making him a standard for all time. Brilliant education, kindness, willingness to rush to help, nobility, innocence and gullibility - from the first pages Bezukhov evokes sympathy. He doesn’t even hate his opponent in a duel, on the contrary, he justifies Dorokhov - who knows, perhaps Pierre could have been in the place of his wife’s lover.

The novel reflects the evolution of the character of Pierre Bezukhov. From a naive and driven person, he turns into a self-sufficient person. The character manages to come to inner harmony.

Screen adaptations

They tried to transfer the novel of the great Russian writer to the screen back in the era of silent films. The viewer saw the first picture directed by Pyotr Chardynin in 1913. By the middle of the century, the film version of the epic was successfully presented by the Americans - the film received three nominations for the Oscar and the Golden Globe Award.

The Soviet authorities decided to give an answer to foreigners, entrusting the director with a case of "national importance". It took six years and 18 million rubles to create the picture. As a result - the main prize of the Moscow International Film Festival and "Oscar".

"War and Peace" inspired the film industry to create two series. The first was released on the BBC channel in 1972, the script of which was written for 20 episodes. The production of the 2007 television version brought together several countries - Russia, Germany, France, Italy and Poland. And after almost 10 years, the BBC corporation again took up the matter, revealing to the world, which includes six episodes.

• 1913 - "War and Peace" (dir. Pyotr Chardynin)
• 1915 - "Natasha Rostova" (dir. Pyotr Chardynin)
• 1956 - "War and Peace" (dir. King Vidor)
• 1967 - "War and Peace" (dir. Sergei Bondarchuk)
• 1972 - "War and Peace" (dir. John Davis)
• 2007 - "War and Peace" (dir. Robert Dornhelm)
• 2016 - "War and Peace" (dir. Tom Harper)

actors

The magnificent picture of King Vidor, based on Tolstoy's novel, brought together brilliant actors. The role of Pierre Bezukhov went to Henry Fonda, although they planned to shoot. But the man flatly refused to join the company on the set in the image of Natasha Rostova. Later, the actress said that it was difficult to get used to such a difficult role.

Sergei Bondarchuk could not decide who to give the role of Countess Rostova to. The master of the cinema was brought a ballerina - a tender and fragile girl, but a blonde, while Tolstoy's heroine has dark hair. Lyudmila did not pass the audition, but got a second chance. On the screens, viewers see the actress in a wig. Bastard Bezukhov was performed by the director himself, and the charming friend of Andrei Bolkonsky played.

In the 1972 series, the restless hero was presented, so convincingly that the actor was awarded a BAFTA award.

The authors of the television series "War and Peace" in 2007 allowed themselves to deviate from the storyline of the work of the Russian classic, changing some points. So, Helen Kuragina died of a terrible disease (in the book, the consequences of an abortion led to death), and in the duel Nikolai Rostov acted as Pierre's second (in fact, he was an assistant to the enemy). Yes, and Natasha Rostova in performance is not similar to the image described in the novel.

(Andrey Bolkonsky) and (Natasha Rostova). And he demonstrated the evolution of the character of Pierre Bezukhov.

Quotes

"We all know what evil is for ourselves"

“How easy, how little effort is needed to do so much good,” thought Pierre, “and how little we care about it!”

“We can only know that we know nothing. And this is the highest degree of human wisdom.”

“A person cannot own anything while he is afraid of death. And whoever is not afraid of her, everything belongs to him.

“The main thing is to live, the main thing is to love, the main thing is to believe”

“You are the kind of people who come to people when they are happy to spoil their mood”

Pierre Bezukhov is one of the central characters in Tolstoy's novel War and Peace.

His appearance with soft and rounded shapes, a full, kind face with glasses and a sincere childish smile distinguish him from all other characters, making the image memorable and very uncommon.

Throughout the work, he lives a difficult and interesting life, full of various events and life trials.

Characteristics of the main character

Pierre is the illegitimate son of the wealthy and influential Count Kirill Bezukhov, who after his death received his title and a significant inheritance. We first meet him in 1805 in the fashionable secular salon of Anna Scherer. Pierre is a young man of twenty years old, distinguished by a massive and thick figure, has a round face with glasses, a cropped head. It can be seen that the person feels confused and a little embarrassed, he is new here, because until that time he lived abroad for a long time, where he received an excellent education and joined the European progressive outlook on life.

His appearance, as well as his simple demeanor, strikingly distinguishes him from those present, bringing considerable anxiety to the hostess of the salon, she is very frightened, though timid, but nevertheless very observant and natural look of an unusual guest. The only friend of Pierre, whom he also meets here is the young Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, they are glad to meet, because they have not seen each other for many years. They are united by the kinship of souls and the worship of Napoleon Bonaparte, whom they consider the greatest figure of that time.

One of the most striking features of Bezukhov's character is his kindness and innocence. He easily succumbs to other people's influence, and Prince Vasily Kuragin is in a hurry to take advantage of this, who manages to arrange the marriage of Bezukhov with his beautiful, but absolutely spoiled and depraved Helen. Married life does not bring him happiness, his wife constantly cheats and deceives him. He is even forced to duel with her lover Dolokhov, although this is absolutely contrary to his kind and gentle nature. Empty secular life and its entertainment are disgusting to Bezukhov, he dreams of something higher and greater, but does not know how to change his lifestyle and fill it with meaning. Disappointed in people and in his whole life, Pierre abandons everything and leaves for Moscow.

Along the way, he joins the Masonic movement and accepts their ideals, trying to implement new projects. For example, having arrived at his estate, he decides to make life easier for the peasants and make their life better. However, the peasants themselves resist innovation, so that he is quickly disappointed, and once again he is swallowed up by hopelessness and depression.

Before the war with the French, Pierre is depressed by the approaching terrible events and their mystical harbingers. The difficult moral state of the hero is complicated by his feeling of deep love for Natasha Rostova, whom he met as a 13-year-old girl in her parents' house. He was attracted by her liveliness and openness, so that looking at her he wanted to "laugh himself, not knowing why."

(Pierre got to the battle of Borodino, rather as an observer than a participant)

The philosophical and mystical ideas of Freemasonry contribute to the fact that Bezukhov decides to hide in Moscow, on which Napoleon's army is moving to kill him. He becomes more of an observer than a participant in the Battle of Borodino, is captured, and there, having met a simple soldier Platon Karataev, he understands that the meaning of life must be sought in communion with native nature and unity with his people. A person is not of his circle, an ordinary peasant reveals to him that the meaning of life and the purpose of any person is to be a reflection and part of the world. After this meeting, Pierre learned to love life in all its manifestations and to see "the eternal and infinite in everything."

Returning from captivity, Bezukhov meets Natasha Rostova, devastated and heartbroken after the death of people close to her, he consoles and supports her as the most faithful and devoted friend. Experiences and losses bring them closer, and in 1813 Rostova becomes his wife. Real family and marital happiness awaits them, Natasha turns out to be a wonderful mother and mistress, love and idyll reign in their house. Husband and wife understand and appreciate each other, and are ready to overcome any troubles and obstacles in their life together.

The image of the main character

(Sergei Bondarchuk plays Pierre Bezukhov in his film "War and Peace", USSR 1966)

The real prototypes of the image of Bezukhov were the Decembrists who returned from exile, whose difficult fates gave the ingenious Russian writer rich material for writing the greatest epic about the events before and after 1812. In the process of working on the novel and in its early edition, the future character of the future Pierre Bezukhov was presented by various names - Arkady Bezukhy, Prince Kushev, Pyotr Medynsky, and the storyline always remained unchanged, which showed the hero's evolution from the simplicity and naivety of adolescence, to maturity and wisdom in later years.

The image of Bezukhov throughout the novel develops in the direction of rapprochement and unity with the people, with its principles and worldview ideals. The character of each of the heroes of the novel is the embodiment of some beginning: Rostov - emotional, Volkonsky - rational, Platon Karataev - intuitive, and in Bezukhov all the beginnings are harmoniously combined into a single whole, so the characters are close to each other and are connected by kinship of souls.

The image of Pierre is very close and understandable to the author, because the combination of rational and emotional principles in life was close to him, he also cared for the fate of the people and his formation as a person took place in the struggle between mind and feelings. And although Pierre is happy in a quiet family haven, he does not forget about his duty to society and will continue to take part in the struggle for its improvement. Bezukhov, according to the author's plan, will become a Decembrist in the future, because after what he experienced and understood, he will never be able to live as before, now his lot is the struggle for the people and their happy life.

One of the main characters of the epic "Warrior and Peace" is Pierre Bezukhov. Characteristics of the character of the work is revealed through his actions. And also through the thoughts, spiritual searches of the main characters. The image of Pierre Bezukhov allowed Tolstoy to convey to the reader an understanding of the meaning of the era of that time, the whole life of a person.

Acquaintance of the reader with Pierre

The image of Pierre Bezukhov is very difficult to briefly describe and understand. The reader must go through with the hero all of his

Acquaintance with Pierre is referred in the novel to 1805. He appears at a secular reception with Anna Pavlovna Sherer, a Moscow high-ranking lady. By that time, the young man did not represent anything interesting for the secular public. He was the illegitimate son of one of the Moscow nobles. He received a good education abroad, but when he returned to Russia, he did not find a use for himself. An idle lifestyle, revelry, idleness, dubious companies led to the fact that Pierre was expelled from the capital. With this life baggage, he appears in Moscow. In turn, the high society also does not attract a young man. He does not share the pettiness of interests, selfishness, hypocrisy of his representatives. “Life is something deeper, more significant, but unknown to him,” Pierre Bezukhov reflects. "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy helps the reader to understand this.

Moscow life

The change of residence did not affect the image of Pierre Bezukhov. By nature, he is a very gentle person, easily falls under the influence of others, doubts about the correctness of his actions constantly haunt him. Unbeknownst to himself, he finds himself in captivity of the idle with her temptations, feasts and revelry.

After the death of Count Bezukhov, Pierre becomes the heir to the title and the entire fortune of his father. The attitude of society towards young people is changing dramatically. The eminent Moscow nobleman, in pursuit of the fortune of the young count, marries his beautiful daughter Helen to him. This marriage did not portend a happy family life. Very soon, Pierre understands the deceit, deceit of his wife, her debauchery becomes obvious to him. Thoughts of desecrated honor haunt him. In a state of rage, he commits an act that could be fatal. Fortunately, the duel with Dolokhov ended with the injury of the offender, and Pierre's life was out of danger.

The path of searching for Pierre Bezukhov

After the tragic events, the young count thinks more and more about how he spends the days of his life. Everything around is confusing, disgusting and meaningless. He understands that all secular rules and norms of behavior are insignificant in comparison with something great, mysterious, unknown to him. But Pierre does not have sufficient fortitude and knowledge to discover this great, to find the true purpose of human life. Thoughts did not leave the young man, making his life unbearable. A brief description of Pierre Bezukhov gives the right to say that he was a deep, thinking person.

Fascination with Freemasonry

After parting with Helen and giving her a large share of the fortune, Pierre decides to return to the capital. On the way from Moscow to St. Petersburg, during a short stop, he meets a man who talks about the existence of a brotherhood of Masons. Only they know the true path, they are subject to the laws of life. For Pierre's tormented soul and consciousness, this meeting, as he believed, was salvation.

Arriving in the capital, he, without hesitation, takes the rite and becomes a member of the Masonic Lodge. The rules of another world, its symbolism, views on life captivate Pierre. He unconditionally believes everything he hears at the meetings, although much of his new life seems gloomy and incomprehensible to him. The path of searching for Pierre Bezukhov continues. The soul is still rushing about and does not find peace.

How to make people's lives easier

New experiences and searches for the meaning of being lead Pierre Bezukhov to the understanding that the life of an individual cannot be happy when there are many destitute, deprived of any right people around.

He decides to take action to improve the lives of the peasants on his estates. Many do not understand Pierre. Even among the peasants, for whose sake all this was started, there is a misunderstanding, a rejection of the new way of life. This discourages Bezukhov, he is depressed, disappointed.

The disappointment was final when Pierre Bezukhov (whose characterization describes him as a gentle, trusting person) realized that he had been cruelly deceived by the manager, funds and efforts were wasted.

Napoleon

The disturbing events taking place in France at that time occupied the minds of the entire high society. stirred the minds of the young and the old. For many young people, the image of the great emperor has become an ideal. Pierre Bezukhov admired his successes, victories, he idolized the personality of Napoleon. I did not understand people who dared to resist the talented commander, the great revolution. There was a moment in Pierre's life when he was ready to swear allegiance to Napoleon and defend the gains of the revolution. But this was not destined to happen. Feats, achievements for the glory of the French Revolution remained only dreams.

And the events of 1812 will destroy all ideals. The adoration of Napoleon's personality will be replaced in Pierre's soul with contempt and hatred. There will be an irresistible desire to kill the tyrant, avenging all the troubles that he brought to his native land. Pierre was simply obsessed with the idea of ​​​​reprisal against Napoleon, he believed that this was a destiny, the mission of his life.

battle of Borodino

The Patriotic War of 1812 broke the established foundation, becoming a real test for the country and its citizens. This tragic event directly affected Pierre. The aimless life of wealth and convenience was left without hesitation by the count for the sake of serving the fatherland.

It is in the war that Pierre Bezukhov, whose characterization has not yet been flattering, begins to look at life differently, to understand what was unknown. Rapprochement with soldiers, representatives of the common people, helps to re-evaluate life.

The great Battle of Borodino played a special role in this. Pierre Bezukhov, being in the same ranks with the soldiers, saw their real patriotism without falsehood and pretense, their readiness to give their lives without hesitation for the sake of their homeland.

Destruction, blood, and related experiences give rise to the spiritual rebirth of the hero. Suddenly, unexpectedly for himself, Pierre begins to find answers to questions that have tormented him for so many years. Everything becomes extremely clear and simple. He begins to live not formally, but with all his heart, experiencing a feeling unfamiliar to him, an explanation for which at this moment he cannot yet give.

Captivity

Further events unfold in such a way that the trials that befell Pierre should temper and finally form his views.

Once in captivity, he goes through an interrogation procedure, after which he remains alive, but before his eyes, several Russian soldiers are executed, who along with him fell to the French. The spectacle of the execution does not leave Pierre's imagination, bringing him to the brink of insanity.

And only a meeting and conversations with Platon Karataev again awaken a harmonious beginning in his soul. Being in a cramped barracks, experiencing physical pain and suffering, the hero begins to feel truly. The life path of Pierre Bezukhov helps to understand that being on earth is a great happiness.

However, the hero will have to reconsider his own and look for his place in it more than once.

Fate disposes so that Platon Karataev, who gave Pierre an understanding of life, was killed by the French, as he fell ill and could not move. The death of Karataev brings new suffering to the hero. Pierre himself was released from captivity by the partisans.

Native

Freed from captivity, Pierre, one after another, receives news from his relatives, about whom he knew nothing for a long time. He becomes aware of the death of his wife Helen. Best friend, Andrei Bolkonsky, is seriously wounded.

The death of Karataev, disturbing news from relatives again excite the soul of the hero. He begins to think that all the misfortunes that have occurred were his fault. He is the cause of the death of his loved ones.

And suddenly Pierre catches himself thinking that in difficult moments of spiritual experiences, the image of Natasha Rostova suddenly comes. She instills in him peace, gives strength and confidence.

Natasha Rostova

At subsequent meetings with her, he realizes that he has a feeling for this sincere, intelligent, spiritually rich woman. Natasha has a reciprocal feeling for Pierre. In 1813 they got married.

Rostova is capable of sincere love, she is ready to live in the interests of her husband, to understand, to feel him - this is the main advantage of a woman. Tolstoy showed the family as a way to save a person. The family is a small model of the world. The state of the whole society depends on the health of this cell.

Life goes on

The hero gained an understanding of life, happiness, harmony within himself. But the path to this was very difficult. The work of the inner development of the soul accompanied the hero all his life, and it gave its results.

But life does not stop, and Pierre Bezukhov, whose characterization as a seeker is given here, is again ready to move forward. In 1820, he informs his wife that he intends to become a member of a secret society.

The lesson is structured in such a way as to create didactic conditions for the positive emotional nature of the learning process: attracting vivid factual material, encouraging people to evaluate and express their own opinions regarding the events and facts being studied; stimulation to develop their worldview, creating a situation of success.

At the beginning of the study of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", the students were oriented to the final lesson-generalization "The Moral Quests of Pierre Bezukhov". In the course of the work, the stages of the hero's life path were singled out, it was proposed to pick up quotes from the novel, use the material of literary critical studies. In the process of research activity, along with the analysis of key scenes, a basic diagram of the stages of the life path of Pierre Bezukhov is drawn up. The attitude to drawing up a reference scheme is ambiguous: is this or that episode of life rising or falling? Participation in the entertainment of secular youth, passion for the ideas of Napoleon, Freemasonry - this is a fall or the logic of character development on the way to improvement, understanding and affirming one's meaning of life. Thus, the broken line of the stages of life is not ups and downs - this is another step towards finding the main and only true thing in life.

During the classes

Everyone - a diamond that can purify and not purify itself. To the extent that it is purified, eternal light shines through it. Therefore, the business of man is not to try to shine, but to try to purify himself.

L. N. Tolstoy

At the stage of assimilation of the material, the student’s message “The mastery of psychological analysis of L.N. Tolstoy".

Lecture of the teacher “The concept of man and psychologism L.N. Tolstoy"

The concept of man and psychologism L.N. Tolstoy

“All Tolstoy’s works are a “story of the soul” over a certain period of time,” writes researcher A.P. Skaftymov. What happens in this interval? The character goes through a series of states. Moreover, these states are not mutually indifferent. They are given not only in alternation, but also in mutually evaluative comparison. They are shown as due or not, false or natural, false or true. Each state has a value judgment expressed in various artistic ways, and through mutual contrast or parallelism, they all lead a system of substantiation and disclosure of the final author's convictions and appeals.

Tolstoy does not retell the results of the inner movement of the human personality, but penetrates into the very process of its thinking, its feeling. Not satisfied with the depiction of the external movements of feeling, he turns to the disclosure of the very process of mental life, the continuous flow of the emergence and change of the contradictory state of various thoughts, feelings, sensations, conscious aspirations and subconscious impulses. The task of the writer is to show “the fluidity of a person; that he is one and the same, now a villain, now an angel, now a sage, now an idiot, now a strong man, now a powerless being.

S.G. wrote interestingly and correctly about the nature of psychological analysis. Bocharov: “... it is the process, and not the result, that Tolstoy pays the main attention to. In one of his later letters, Tolstoy expressed his view on the tasks of psychological analysis: “The main thing is inner, spiritual work, and that not the final work should be shown, but the actual process of work.”

Tolstoy deeply believes in the spiritual potential of the individual: some of Tolstoy's characters manage to overcome the instinct of self-will, the individualistic assertion of oneself as opposed to others. In many ways, they are saved by the task of the selflessserving others, dissolving oneself in others. The "dialectic of the soul" is revealed as the universal form of inner life. Tolstoy discovers the "general" in people, the positive spiritual basis of their inner being, being interested in those moments of freedom when the possibility of choice, decision, determination of one's actions, one's behavior opens up. But most often the dialectical processes of mental life are depicted by Tolstoy when he turns to the image of positive characters consciously striving to know the meaning of life.

Through the struggle of opposing motives, in certain life situations, Tolstoy's man rises to a higher stage of consciousness, when unconditional moral values ​​are revealed to him, not without loss, not without returning to his former state of health in the future.

Tolstoy is not limited to depicting the interweaving of good and evil in the soul of a person, he leads him to the separation of opposite principles, to a moral judgment on himself.

Moments of moral elevation are then replaced by new quests, disappointments and falls. The interweaving of good and evil remains the law of human existence. But at the same time, once experienced insight already makes the hero spiritually sighted, spiritually mobile.

Drawing up a reference scheme “The moral quest of Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (conversation with elements of analysis).

What are the stages of the life path of Pierre Bezukhov

First meeting with Pierre . Salon Sherer

- Which characters look like strangers in Scherer's salon? Why? (portrait and demeanor)

Pierre's violation of the etiquette instituted by Anna Pavlovna, his clumsiness once again confirms that he is a foreign body in the high society living room.

“Shortly after the little princess, a massive, fat young man with a cropped head, glasses, light trousers in the then fashion, with a high frill and in a brown tailcoat entered. This young man was the illegitimate son of Catherine's grandee, Count Bezukhov ... Anna Pavlovna greeted him with a bow, which belongs to the people of the lowest hierarchy in her salon. ... this fear (of Anna Pavlovna) could relate to that intelligent and at the same time timid, observant and natural look that distinguishes him from everyone in this living room.

Fascination with revolutionary ideas, Napoleon.

“The people gave him (Napoleon) power only so that he would deliver him from the Bourbons, and because the people saw him as a great man. The revolution was a great thing, Monsieur Pierre continued, expressing his great youth and desire to express everything as soon as possible with this desperate and defiant introductory sentence.

Tolstoy captures throughout the novel the naturally changing and deepening sides of his character and intellect.

At the beginning of the novel, Pierre expresses exorbitant absent-mindedness, gullibility, shyness, "inability to enter the salon"; his "good nature, simplicity and modesty" are still quite naive: he is morbidly sensitive, cannot bear "the sight of tears" and is easily ready to cry himself; but he is still a little thoughtful, often "spreads his mouth into a carefree, cheerful smile" and without reasoning gives in (in the words of Prince Andrei) to "revels" and "hussars".

Entertainment secular youth

- What are the entertainments of the society of Kuragin and Dolokhov? What role do these scenes play in the novel?

These scenes reveal new aspects of the life of the aristocracy, introduce new heroes (Dolokhov, A. Kuragin). Pierre's preaching of freedom-loving views and participation in revels representis a psychological plot in the development of Pierre's storyline.

- Wasting life in carousing.

One of the important tasks of Tolstoy the psychologist was to depict and reveal the involuntary insincerity that is characteristic of people, their subconscious desire to see themselves better, and therefore, intuitively seek self-justification.

“... It would be nice to go to Kuragin,” he thought, but immediately remembered his word of honor given to Prince Andrei not to visit Kuragin. But immediately, as happens with people who are called spineless, he so passionately wanted to once again experience this dissolute life so familiar to him that he decided to go.

The dominant of the internal state is clearly indicated here: Pierre really wants to experience this pleasure again, despite the given word, despite the fact that he knows that he is doing wrong. This desire dominates, and the rest of the psychological world is forged under it - this is how Pierre's naive casuistry is perceived: “And the thought immediately came to his mind that this word does not mean anything because even before Prince Andrei, he also gave Prince Anatole has a word to be with him; finally, he thought that all these words of honor were such conditional things that had no definite meaning, especially if one thought that perhaps tomorrow he would die, or that something so unusual would happen to him that there would be no more honest or dishonest."

Pierre - Count Bezukhov, the richest and most noble person

- Euphoria from feeling like "the center of some important social movement"

“Pierre, having become unexpectedly rich and Count Bezukhov, after recent loneliness and carelessness, felt himself surrounded and busy to such an extent that he only managed to remain alone in bed with himself. He had to sign papers, deal with government offices, the meaning of which he had no clear idea, ask the chief manager about something, go to an estate near Moscow ... ". “It seemed so natural to Pierre that everyone loved him ... that he could not help but believe in the sincerity of the people around him.”

Entering gradually into society, he becomes aware of his role in it and even begins to feel himself "the center of some important general movement", forcing him to be "in a state of meek and cheerful intoxication"; he already thinks about his “career” and experiences “a feeling of haziness, haste and some kind of good that is coming, but not happening”, and if earlier his own speeches seemed to him “stupid”, “now everything that he did not say, everything came outCharmant(charming).

- Marriage to Helen

Tolstoy strives to ensure that every element of the inner life is indicated by the word as accurately as possible. In the above passage, Pierre's feeling for Helen is characterized by the words "nasty", "forbidden", again "nasty", "unnatural" and, finally, "dishonest".

“He realized that this woman could belong to him.

“But she is stupid, I myself said she was stupid,” he thought. “There is something nasty in the feeling that she aroused in me, something forbidden ...” he thought; ... and realized that at the same time he thought about her insignificance and dreamed of how she would be his wife ... ”And again he told himself that something nasty, unnatural, as it seemed to him, dishonest was in this marriage ... and horror came over him, whether he had already bound himself with something in the performance of such a thing, which is obviously not good and which he should not do. But at the same time, as he expressed this decision to himself, from the other side of the soul her image surfaced with all its feminine beauty.

The scenes are of great importance for understanding the character of Pierre, his inexperience, naivety, inexperience, sincerity and spontaneity, and at the same time she reveals the subservience inherent in the representatives of the aristocracy (the attitude of others towards Pierre the heir). On the one hand, the marriage was arranged by Prince Vasily, becausePierre was a very advantageous suitor; on the other hand, this marriage was natural for Pierre: not only because he had to be deceived, but also because he had to be deceived.

- A lot of duties that cannot be avoided - and empty ones.

Marriage with Helen and relationship with Dolokhov taught Pierre a lot. He became quite "adult". Tolstoy devotes strong pages to how Pierre, having married, "processed his grief alone in himself." The writer reveals new aspects of the hero's character: the rapid development of moral exactingness, deep indignation at the unworthy behavior of people and temper (“I'll kill you!” He shouts to Helen). Pierre is getting husband. His ingenuous carelessness disappears. More and more he is occupied with the disturbing questions of life, its meaning and goals, - “as if in his headcurled up

Pierre moves away from the "secular" circle of people, he sees all the vanity of nobility and wealth ("and why is this money needed?" - he thinks); he feels all the inevitable “susceptibility” of a person to “evil and death” and painfully overestimates his past concepts and aspirations (“everything in himself and around him seemed to him confused, meaningless and disgusting. But in this very disgust for everything around Pierre found a kind of irritating pleasure.”) By 1812, his demands to find some lofty meaning in life become more and more powerful; he approaches the ideas of Freemasonry, in which he is tempted by the illusory "pleasure to believe in the possibility of achieving perfection and the possibility of brotherly ... love between people."

- Duel with Dolokhov

After the duel, Pierre is in a difficult moral and psychological state: “What's wrong? What well? What should you love, what should you hate? Why live and what am I? What is life, what is death? What power governs everything?” he asked himself. And there was no answer to any of these questions ... "

Describing the moral and psychological state of Pierre at the time of the ideological crisis, the author says: "Everything in him and around him seemed to him confusing and disgusting." It is no coincidence that Osip Alekseevich Bazleev condemns Pierre's way of thinking as "the monotonous fruit of pride, laziness and ignorance", "a sad delusion". Pierre's life, passing in "violent orgies and debauchery", gives rise to a psychology of doubt in everything and disbelief in the ideal. Tolstoy convinces the reader that the social practice of a person is of great importance for his inner spiritual world.

Reflections after the duel: “What happened? he asked himself.I AM killed a lover, yes, he killed his wife's lover. Yes, it was. From what? How did I get to this?

Firstly, Pierre did not kill Dolokhov, but in his mind the situation is exactly like this: he killed, or almost killed, or could have killed - for Pierre, by and large morally, it doesn’t matter. Secondly, it is noteworthy that almost immediately, having fully realized the fact of the duel, Pierre asks himself the key question: “How did I get to this? "He is seized with moral confusion: the feeling of irreparableness, the falsity of his life, which has vaguely wandered in him since the declaration of love, becomes definite and painfully sharp, causing an urgent need to understand the causes of evil.

Note that Pierre focuses on himself: not “what brought me to a duel”, but how did I, Pierre Bezukhov, get to the point that I could kill a person? Pierre is looking for evil in himself - this is very evident for the moral orientation of Tolstoy's best heroes.

“But what is my fault? he asked. “The fact that you got married without loving her, that you deceived both yourself and her ...” Then he remembered the rudeness, clarity of her thoughts and the vulgarity of expressions ... “She is to blame for everything, she alone is to blame. .. But what of it? Why did I associate myself with her? ... It's my fault... "

BRUTAL CRISIS

- Complete internal devastation

He suffers after marriage, realizing that he was not only deceived, but also deceived others. Alater, the fact that he almost killed Dolokhov because he himself was to blame, having married, not loving, plunges Pierre into the deepest crisis. These reflections on the meaning of life are characteristic of Tolstoy's positive heroes.

Pierre was inevitably moving towards complete internal devastation, turning into a good-natured retired chamberlain, "whose type he so deeply despised seven years ago." True, Pierre had the ability "to see the evil and lies of life too clearly in order to be able to take a serious part in it." In Moscow living rooms, Pierre comes to a feeling of his loneliness, the "ghostliness" of all the life around him, and therefore cannot enter into an internal meaningful interaction with it. He escaped life with wine, women, entertainment. He bitterly mourned himself and his hopes for a reasonable and fruitful activity: “Didn’t he see the opportunity and passionately desired to regenerate the vicious human race and bring himself to the highest degree of perfection?” He fought, suffered, searched for a new path in life, he believed in the triumph of the highest truth on earth, but “by the force of circumstances” he was brought to this soulless existence, dramatically experiencing the gap between religious and moral views and the practice of his life. Pierre could not come to terms with this break, could not "unravel that tangled, terrible knot of life that terrified him ...".

Whatever he began to think about, he returned to the same questions that he could not resolve and could not stop asking himself. As if in his headcurled up the main screw on which his whole life rested.

- Entry into Freemasonry, violent activity.

Freemasonry from the position of "dialectics of the soul"

The moral and psychological state of Pierre at the moment of rapprochement with the Masons and initiation into the "brotherhood of free masons" is complex and contradictory. On the one hand, he dreams of an "active and virtuous life", of loving brotherly harmony on earth, he feels the need to promote this harmony. But imperceptibly for himself, Pierre gives himself up to the proud dream of "Fixing the whole human race."

According to Tolstoy, the initiative activity of the individual is a manifestation of that pride and ambition that are associated with the "separation" of human existence, selfish competition with others.

Thus, the “dialectic of the soul” manifests itself as an image of two inextricably linked psychological processes in the inner world of the hero-character: the sharpening of moral forces merges with the dream of the role of a preacher and comforter.

To give up “arbitrariness” means to get rid of an exaggerated sense of personality, from the impossibility of acting in accordance with the dictates of the moral law due to one’s “foolishness”, to voluntarily subordinate “one’s will to this and that. who knew the undeniable truth."

- Why does Pierre, being an atheist and considering religion "unjust", join the Masonic society?

Because he was attracted by the formulation of the goals of this society: by purifying and correcting the heart and mind of individual members of society, thereby correcting the human race and "opposing the evil that reigns in the world." Pierre perceives in Freemasonry not the religious, but its moral side.

Pierre's activity in the Masonic society convinces that many Freemasons entered the society for the sake of acquiring connections with strong and wealthy people. Seeing the social injustice of the world, he does not accept the thought of the social transformation of society.

So Tolstoy leads Pierre to the idea of ​​non-resistance to evil by violence, offering an abstract sermon of "good and truth."

The metaphysical teaching of the Freemasons was of little interest to Pierre: this "some kind of sacrament" did not seem to him essential. He did not join the number of brothers "employed exclusively

the mysteries of the science of the Order... or about the three principles of things...”. "His heart did not lie to the mystical side of Freemasonry." The tasks of moral perfection also did not interest Pierre, because already at the first moment of "conversion" he "felt with pleasure already completely corrected from his former vices and ready for only one good." The content of his future activities, he put the "correction of the human race."

- Disappointment, Freemasonry Crisis

Soon after joining the order, Pierre's divergence with the Masons became apparent: he could not confine himself to the tasks of contemplative immersion in himself and demanded active assistance to others. He sought to "oppose the evil that reigns in the world." Pierre goes to his Kiev estates.

But reality turns out to be stronger than philanthropic orders and private interventions. In addition, Pierre is deprived of a sober practical consciousness, a keen interest in the processes of economic life, and "practical tenacity."

Reunion with Helen

Tolstoy introduces the reader into the inner world of a searching, reflecting hero. “He was so used to obeying this tone of careless self-confidence of Prince Vasily that even now he felt that he could not resist her; but he felt that his whole future fate would depend on what he said now ... "

Feeling his inner freedom, Pierre overcomes kindness, a tendency not to deceive the interlocutor's expectations, not to offend him with a refusal. He struggles with his fundamental peculiarity, so as not to repeat the mistake, not to return to the previous conditions of existence.

The final link in this story is reconciliation with Helen. This reconciliation was also both an act of good will and a causal act. Pierre then found himself in a state of complete disillusionment with Russian Freemasonry, returning to his wife became possible in conditions of melancholy and moral impasse. At the same time, Pierre is still aware of his will only as free. He explains his decision this way: “I should not refuse the one who asks and I should give a helping hand to everyone, especially the person who is so connected with me, and I should carry my cross.”

Way out of moral impasse. Patriotic War of 1812

Pierre on the eve of the Patriotic War

The approaching catastrophe pleased Pierre, as it could change her whole life, lead him out of the "enchanted, insignificant world of Moscow habits" and turn him to "great feat and great happiness."

The catastrophe became morally necessary for Pierre: only she could turn him to a new life content. No wonder he experienced “a pleasant feeling of consciousness that everything is. what constitutes the happiness of people, the comforts of life, wealth, even life itself, is nonsense, which is pleasant to put aside in comparison with something ... ".

The internal moral break that Pierre is experiencing is not accidentally connected with the national-historical events of the Patriotic War of 1812.

The task of expelling the invaders unites Pierre, like other best people from the nobility, with the people. It took a heroic state of the world for Pierre to get closer to the people who are performing the feat of expelling the invaders. He finds himself spiritually, because the folk content of life is revealed to him. He gains ground for overcoming egoistic isolated existence, fruitless self-centeredness. The need for higher truth and goodness that lives in him finds complete satisfaction, and he only wants to "be a soldier, just a soldier."

- Borodino Pierre, on the Raevsky battery

In terms of moral responsiveness, Pierre could not remain outside the historical conflict, not be among those who defended the cause of the motherland and therefore became participants in the national liberation war. Once among the soldiers and militias, Pierre experiences joyful excitement and renewal: “The deeper he plunged into this sea of ​​\u200b\u200btroops, the more he was seized by the anxiety of anxiety and a new joyful feeling he had not experienced. It was... the feeling of having to do something and sacrifice something." A cursory meeting with a soldier who declared the people's readiness to defend Moscow enters Pierre's inner world. In this accidental episode, for the first time, the direction of the hero’s evolution is indicated: that open cordial communication between Pierre’s secular environment free from prejudice and people from the people, which will later lead him to a qualitatively new experience and understanding of life, is clearly manifested. Rich in human potentialities, Pierre's soul is gradually filled with Russian folk content.

How do you understand Pierre's thoughts about the hidden warmth of patriotism? Why are the heroes of the novel so eager for the people? Why does Pierre want to be a "soldier, just a soldier"?

"They in Pierre's concept there were soldiers - those who were on the battery, and those who fed him, and those who prayed to the icon.They - these strange, hitherto unknown to him people, -they clearly and sharply separated in his thoughts from other people. "To be a soldier, just a soldier!" thought Pierre.

The people are the bearer of the best human qualities. “... They were firm, calm all the time to the end ... They don’t speak, but they do,” thinks Pierre.

Hidden warmth of patriotism

Shocked by the bloody tragedy, Pierre leaves the battlefield. Hungry, exhausted, he sits down by the soldier's fire. In a moment of national disaster, the master unites with the soldiers, while Pierre felt "the need to belittle his social position as much as possible in order to be closer and more understandable to the soldiers." Pierre Bezukhov with such clarity correlates his life as a representative of the noble class with the life of people from the social lower classes and with all sincerity gives preference to the latter. “They amaze him with their moral courage in the war, in a moment of danger: “But they were firm, calm all the time to the end.” He condemns himself for weakness: “Oh, how terrible fear is and how shamefully I gave myself to it!”.

Pierre feels in the soldiers a wise and direct knowledge of the meaning of life, which explains their calmness, their readiness to submit to necessity.

Only in the circumstances of war and captivity does the relationship between Pierre and people from the people change: He finds the highest satisfaction in an undivided merger with millions of "drops" of the human peasant sea.

In occupied Moscow: saving a child, intercession for the Armenians, the decision to kill Napoleon

“Running out behind the house onto a sandy path, the Frenchman pulled Pierre's hand and pointed him to the circle. Under the bench lay a three-year-old girl in a pink dress. Pierre ... grabbed her with a feeling of pity and disgust, clutching the suffering sobbing and wet girl as gently as possible, ran ... Pierre at that moment felt even more strongly that feeling of youth, revival and determination that seized him when he ran save the child." “While Pierre ran those few steps that separated him from the French, a long marauder in a hood was already tearing a necklace from the Armenian woman’s neck ...

Leave this woman, - Pierre croaked in a frantic voice, grabbing a long, round-shouldered soldier by the shoulders and throwing him away. But his comrade, throwing down his boots, took out a cleaver and menacingly advanced on Pierre. Pierre was in that ecstasy of fury in which he did not remember anything and in which his strength increased tenfold. He rushed at the barefoot Frenchman, and before he couldtake out his cleaver, already knocked him down and pounded on him with his fists.

“He had to, hiding his name, stay in Moscow, meet Napoleon and kill him in order to either die or stop the misfortune of all of Europe, which, according to Pierre, came from Napoleon alone.” “Two equally strong feelings irresistibly attracted Pierre to his intention. The first was the feeling of the need for sacrifice and suffering in the realization of a common misfortune ... the other was that indefinite, exclusively Russian feeling of contempt for everything conventional, artificial, human, which is considered by most people to be the highest good of the world.

Captivity, execution of Russian prisoners by the French. Condition after the shooting

“He remembered that he was beating someone, he was being beaten, and that in the end he felt that his hands were tied, that a crowd of French soldiers were standing around him and searching his dress.”

The whole scene of the execution is given through the perception of a morally shocked Pierre: “On all the faces of Russians, on the faces of French soldiers, officers, all without exception, he read the same fear, horror and struggle that were in his heart.” The French soldiers, together with Pierre, experience the execution of prisoners as senseless cruelty, as an evil to which moral nature can only react with disgust.

The author conveys the moral and psychological state of the hero by means of figurative comparison: “From the minute Pierre saw this terrible murder committed by people who did not want to do this, it was as if in his soul that spring was pulled out, on which everything was supported and seemed alive, and everything fell into a heap of meaningless rubbish. In him, although he did not realize himself, faith in the improvement of the world, and in the human, and in his soul, and in God, was destroyed. ... He felt that it was not in his power to return to faith in life.

The execution of captured Russians by the French is perceived by Pierre as a senseless and cruel murder. As a result of what he saw and experienced, he found himself in a state of complete devastation, internal disintegration and chaos: "The world collapsed in his eyes, and only meaningless ruins remained."

This state of meaninglessness and absurdity of life is removed thanks to a meeting with Platon Karataev.

Meeting with Platon Karataev

In a moment of complete disgrace of everything, confusion, only love for goodness was required. The love of Platon Karataev, like precious moisture, revived Pierre and brought him back to life. “And such an expression of affection and simplicity was in the man’s melodious voice that Pierre wanted to answer, but his jaw trembled and he felt tears.” That same night, Pierre felt "that the previously destroyed world is now being erected in his soul with new beauty, on some new and unshakable foundations." Karataev, thus, helped Pierre in a difficult moment of an internal crisis.

“Pierre learned not with his mind, but with his whole being, with his life, that man was created for happiness, that happiness is in himself, in the satisfaction of natural human needs, and that all misfortune comes not from lack, but from excess.”

“The more difficult his position became, the more terrible the future was, the more independent of the position in which he was, joyful and soothing thoughts, memories and ideas came to him.” Pierre Bezukhov accepted the mental health of the people, harmony with himself, the ability to spiritually overcome circumstances.

Why did Karataev have such an effect on Pierre? Does he look like other men?

At the key moments of moral turning points, when something extremely important is revealed to the hero from Tolstoy's point of view, the author generally refuses to reproduce the hero's inner voice - all psychological processes are depicted exclusively innarrator's story.

Depiction of the moral shifts that occurred during the captivity: “He received that calmness and self-satisfaction, for which he had vainly sought before. For a long time in his life he searched from different sides for this calm, for concord with himself... he searched for this in philanthropy, in freemasonry, in the dispersion of secular life, in wine, in the heroic feat of self-sacrifice, in romantic love for Natasha; he sought this by way of thought - and all these searches and attempts deceived him. And he, without thinking about it, received this peace and this harmony with himself only through the horror of death, through deprivation and through that. what he understood in Karataev. Those terrible moments that he experienced during the execution seemed to have washed away forever from his imagination and memories the disturbing thoughts and feelings that had previously seemed important to him.

Kindness becomes in him forgiveness (and to enemies too), unpretentiousness - the absence of all sorts of requirements for life (everywhere he feels good), faith in the rationality of the natural course of events in life - obedience to fate (“rock is looking for a head”), intuitive behavior - an absolute absence reason (“not by his own mind - by God’s judgment”), the main thing in Karataev is forgiveness, adaptability to life, and it is for these qualities that Tolstoy idealizes him, makes him the material of vitality for Pierre, his favorite hero.

Reflection on happiness, understanding "the whole force of vitality"

In dramatic trials of need, extreme hardships in captivity, he acquires the long-desired inner freedom. Then, throughout the rest of his life, “Pierre thought with delight and spoke about this month of captivity, about those irrevocable, strong and joyful feelings and. most importantly, about that complete peace of mind, about perfect inner freedom, which he experienced only at that time. The break experienced in captivity comes down to "a new, untested feeling of joy and strength of life."

Pierre, having experienced "almost the extreme limits of deprivation that a person can endure", with his whole being comes to an understanding of life as the highest good and possible harmony on earth. Life in his perception is love, i.e. God: “Life is everything. Life is God. Everything moves and moves, and this movement is God. And as long as there is life, there is the enjoyment of the self-consciousness of the deity. Love life, love God. It is most difficult and most blessed to love this life in one's suffering, in the innocence of suffering. The writer conveys the dialectic of life itself in this depiction of Pierre's severe physical suffering, which, however, led him to life affirmation.

“The absence of suffering, the satisfaction of needs and, as a result, the freedom to choose occupations, that is, a way of life, now appeared to Pierre as the undoubted and highest happiness of a person ... Pierre felt a new, untested feeling of joy and strength in life.”

“In captivity, in a booth, Pierre learned not with his mind, but with his whole being, with his life, that man was created for happiness, that happiness is in himself, in satisfying natural human needs, and that everythingunhappiness does not come from lack, but from excess; but now, in these last three weeks of the campaign, he has learned another new comforting truth - he has learned that there is nothing terrible in the world.

"Now only he understood the whole force of human vitality and the saving power of shifting attention, invested in a person." “The more difficult his position became, the more terrible the future was, the more independent of the position in which he was, joyful and calming thoughts, memories and ideas came to him.

Moral renewal in captivity

Forced in real life to obey those superior to him. Pierre, at the same time, experiences his inner moral freedom with unusual sharpness, which is manifested in his ability to romantically rise above hostile reality, to overcome it spiritually, to a keen sense of his "timelessness". In it at this moment, something is activated and becomes valid."consciousness", which, according to Tolstoy, reveals to a person his absolute spirituality, i.e. "I" is out of time, "out of cause", and itself is the cause of all manifestation of life.

Understanding his inseparability with nature comes to Pierre in a whirlpool of events, in severe trials of war and death. Here he experiences a moral rebirth, manifested in a joyful sensation of the higher meaning of life.

The position of a prisoner only sharpens in him the consciousness of his indestructibility, of his organic connection with universal processes.

The method of "dialectics of the soul" assumes that the inner freedom of the hero-character manifests itself as an instant flash of self-consciousness, an undeniable feeling of belonging to world harmony.

Post-war update. Pre-Decembrist activity

- Release from captivity. Change in worldview.

The year of the Patriotic War awakens in him ardent patriotic feelings and, turning away from Masonic metaphysics, fully connects him with the real needs, tasks and aspirations of the people. He feels "impossible to continue the old life" and wants to "get rid of the complex confusion of the demands of life" that has overcome him for a number of years. In Chapter XIII, Part 4, Volume 4, Tolstoy devotes whole pages to explaining the changes that have emerged in the character and worldview of his hero, who has survived turbulent external events and personal trials, and now, after the war and the "people's defense," who has already seen "an extraordinarily powerful force of vitality ”, which “supported the life” of the whole “special and united” Russian people.

"A joyful feeling of freedom - that complete, inalienable, inherent freedom of a person, the consciousness of which he first experienced at the first halt when leaving Moscow, filled Pierre's soul during his recovery."

“Now he has learned to see the great, eternal and infinite in everything ... Now the question is - why? A simple answer was always ready in his soul: then, that there is a god, that god, without whose will a hair will not fall from a person’s head.

Meeting with Natasha, love, marriage

The big child is called Pierre and Nikolai and Andrey. Bolkonsky will entrust the secret of love to Natasha to him, Pierre. He will entrust Natasha - the bride. She will advise her to turn to him in difficult times. "Heart of gold", a nice fellow, a true friend will be Pierre in the novel. It is with him that Natasha's aunt, Akhrosimova, will consult regarding her beloved niece. But it is he, Pierre, who will introduce Andrei and Natasha.

At the first ball in her adult life, he will notice the confusion of Natasha's feelings, whom no one will invite to dance, and will ask his friend, Andrei, to engage her. Pierre was horrified when he learned about Natasha's attempt to escape with Anatole, but then he would be shocked by the depth of her repentance, suffering, and an attempt to poison herself. He admired her ability, even in such terrible moments of her life, to think more about others than about herself.

The structure of the souls of Natasha and Pierre is in many ways similar. Love will revive their souls. There will be no room for doubt, everything will be filled with love.

Finding the meaning of life in the family, social activities.

“And out of old habit, he asked himself the question: well, then what? What will i do? And immediately he answered himself: nothing. I will live. Oh, how nice!

In the epilogue to the novel, Pierre already lives in a "big house"; he is engaged in progressive social activity, he thinks in new concepts, characteristic of the pre-Decembrist era, and this "most absent-minded, forgetful person, now, according to the list compiled by his wife," like a sedate husband and father, buys everything for the house, not forgetting any "gifts ", nor"toys".

So, considering the difficult life path of his hero. Tolstoy realistically judges the stages of the long development of his personality.

L.N. Tolstoy shows two main paths that people choose: for some, the main thing is external well-being, wealth, career; for others - spiritual values, i.e. life is not only for themselves. In the epilogue, the heroes found true happiness along the way. Pierre, after a long and difficult search, found happiness in the confluence of social activities and a happy family life. The main wisdom to which he came: “... if vicious people are interconnected and constitute a force, then honest people need to do only the same. After all, it's so simple."

After the war, in peaceful conditions, Pierre was in a new round of ideological and creative development. “In the spiritual development of Pierre, Decembrism marks both a step forward and backward. Forward in the sense that it means leaving the sphere of moral speculation in the field of practical activity and civic selflessness. Back because it means the rejection of the moral truth revealed to him by Karataev.

On the one hand, Pierre retains the deep moral content acquired in the war and defends the service of “good”: “But I say: take hand in hand, those who love good. And let there be one banner: active virtue.

But on the other hand, once outside the people, he returns in Decembrism, it would seem, to the overcome sense of personality. Pierre develops self-confidence, which is manifested in his story about his political activities in St. Petersburg. Thought about it. that the fate of not only the “society” he leads, but also the fate of Russia, depends on him, Pierre, is connected with the belief in the possibility and fruitfulness of the revolutionary, voluntaristic according to Tolstoy. Civic activity leads the hero to an exaggerated idea of ​​the possibilities of conscious, arbitrary influence on the course of the historical process.

4. In conclusion, written works on the studied material can be offered:

a) Why can Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky be called the best people of their time?

b) “In order to live honestly, one must tear, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and quit again, and always struggle and lose. And peace is spiritual meanness?

How do you understand the words of L. Tolstoy?

To what extent does Pierre's life path reflect this motto of the writer himself?

APPENDIX

Esin A.B. Psychologism of Russian classical literature / A.B. Esin.- M: Enlightenment, 1988.

Kurlyandskaya G.B. The moral ideal of L.N. Tolstoy and F.M. Dostoevsky / G.B. Courland. - M.: Enlightenment, 1988.

Bocharov S.P. The novel by L. Tolstoy "War and Peace" / S.P. Bocharov. - M.: Enlightenment, 1976.

Russian literature. Grade 10. Reader of historical and literary materials; reference scheme to the image of the hero; illustrations for the novel.

There are more than five hundred characters in Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace". One of the main and bright male roles went to Pierre Bezukhov. In the process of creating his creation, the author first planned to shed light on the fate of the nobles, participants in the uprising of 1825, but later decided to return to the narration of an earlier stage in the development of Russia, to the period of his characters’ youth, their development and formation. In the work, Tolstoy chooses his favorites, and Pierre is one of them. The image of Bezukhov is the most unusual male image of the novel, constantly spinning in the thick of things. Pierre plays a huge role in the development of the novel.

As one of his favorite heroes, Tolstoy begins the story of Pierre from the very beginning of his formation and development as a person. In his youth, Bezukhov was presented as very soft and did not have a strong character, but later he was able to become an organizer of the community against the tsar. The author introduced the hero Pierre into the works at the time of falseness, flattery and ignorance dominating society. He was radically different from others, he was an open and straightforward person. He was kind, in a very sincere way, and in this society it was very unnatural. People were afraid of Pierre, he could disrupt this prevailing situation.

For the first time, young Pierre Bezukhov is introduced to the reader by Tolstoy in the salon of Anna Pavlovna Scherer, he is shown as a violator of public peace and order, as well as the calm flow of the evening. He is not like others in the presence of an intelligent and observant look. People greet Pierre with a bow, which refers to the lower class. He is the illegitimate son of a nobleman under Catherine, Count Bezukhov, and later an illegitimate heir. In the future, on the pages of the novel, he becomes the owner of a thousand souls and millions. And to become already a welcome and dear guest of all salons and houses. Tolstoy does not hide his sympathy for Pierre Bezukhov and presents him as an enviable suitor of the two capitals. And he marries him to a bad and ignorant creature, the St. Petersburg beauty Helena Kuragina.

With the help of the image of Pierre Bezukhov, Tolstoy carries through the whole novel the idea of ​​constant improvement and development.

In the character of Pierre there is also a place for infinite kindness. The hero is young and therefore the dream of glory does not leave him. He even participates and shoots himself in duels. He is still ready for unpredictable and destructive actions, in his youth. Bezukhov accepted the ability to succumb to the calm flow of time, the ability to hear and listen. In this he was helped by Platon Karataev, a teacher of a righteous life.

Tolstoy gives Pierre the opportunity to fully comprehend simple human happiness and married him for the second time to Natalya Rostova. Later in the lines of the novel, Pierre is an experienced family man, the father of four children. Salons, meetings of Freemasons, thoughts of a high destiny are a thing of the past.

This is his true happiness, peace and becoming a hero. But he is not going to stop, he looks into the distance and makes more grandiose plans for political activity. But Tolstoy does not show this to the reader, leaving him in a family, quiet, harmonious family circle, knowing that this is precisely the ideal of his life.

Option 2

There are about 500 characters in the novel "War and Peace". Among them, Pierre Bezukhov stands out. Tolstoy decided to visit his great novel during the period of the uprising of the common people against state rule.

Pierre Bezukhov is the author's favorite character. The hero became the center of the whole novel. As the main character, Tolstoy described the life and character of Bezukhov from a young age. In the book, the image of the hero changes several times. At a young age, he was a weak-willed guy who could not show any courage. Outwardly, the hero was a fat young man wearing glasses. He always wore a tailcoat and light trousers. He often visited the elite salon of Anna Pavlovna Scherer and always felt like a stranger. Falsehood has always reigned in this society, people from high society spoke flattering words to each other in order to get what they wanted.

His position rose sharply after receiving a large inheritance. Pierre attended social events where only the secular elite gathered. So he met Helen Kuragina and soon married her. He soon became disillusioned when he learned that Helen had married because of wealth. In marriage, she cheated on him with Dorokhov. He was a simple-hearted man and lived only according to the dictates of his heart. Pierre was distinguished by immeasurable kindness, hot and impulsive character and generosity of soul. Such positive qualities prevented Bezukhov from finding a common language with influential people. After being disappointed by the surrounding society, Bezukhov joined the Masonic lodge. This community supported the idea of ​​universal brotherhood. Mason Bazdeev became Bezukhov's mentor. Having joined the lodge, the hero donates a large amount of money. He writes a diary in which he writes his observations. Bezukhov wanted to find the meaning of life and find the meaning of life.

The meeting and acquaintance with the soldier Karataev was of great importance on Bezukhov. The soldier's speech had a decisive influence on Pierre's worldview. In captivity of the French army, Pierre acquired new personal qualities as patience for the hardships of life. He no longer hated the French and began to look at life differently.

Upon his release from captivity, Bezukhov changed his attitude towards people. He sought to understand each person and always looked for positive character traits in others. Now he could easily refuse people financial assistance. Bezukhov acquired complete happiness after meeting with Natasha Rostova. He became a happy family man and a good father of 4 children. After his marriage, he left the Masonic lodge and a riotous lifestyle. He forgot about Kulagin and Dorokhov. With the advent of Natasha, he found a new meaning in life. The hero found happiness and joy, as well as long-awaited peace of mind. He decided not to stop at the achieved happiness. Bezukhov decided to engage in political activities. He discussed his future plans with Natasha's brother Nikolai Rostov.

At the end of the novel, the main character Pierre Bezukhov completely changed and showed only his best qualities. Serious life difficulties made Bezukhov a mature person and a happy family man.

Composition Characteristics and the image of Bezukhov

I got the impression that Pierre Tolstoy partially writes from himself. Both Pierre and Tolstoy are trying to find the truth and meaning of life. Both Pierre and, to some extent, Tolstoy have unhappy marriages. Pierre had enough willpower and character to drastically change his life. Tolstoy also protests - he just leaves the house.

Pierre joins the Masonic lodge. Tolstoy "hits" into religion. But neither one nor the other does not bring happiness and relief. Tolstoy does not see a way out of the current situation, therefore, shied away from side to side. The eternal misfortune of the Russian intelligentsia.

Pierre wants to do something meaningful for society, for the country. He wants to have a republic, he already sees himself as a second Napoleon. That, on the contrary, wants to defeat him. Many wanted to catch Bonaparte and take him to the king.

Pierre collects and equips a whole regiment for his money. He is not stopped by the fact that he does not understand anything in military affairs. He decides that it is he who is entrusted with a great mission - to liberate the country from the hated Napoleon. The utopian idea fails miserably, and Pierre himself is captured.

A simple Russian soldier changes his outlook on life with his conversations. He begins to see clearly, rose-colored glasses fall from his eyes, the mind is cleared of unnecessary thoughts. In life, nothing happens just like that, which means that he needed this captivity in order to free himself from erroneous thoughts. Understand your true purpose.

What he was looking for lies literally on the surface, under his nose. And he delved into philosophical treatises and Masonic lodges. In life, everything is simple - live yourself, enjoy life and do not interfere with other people's lives. Ironically, it is the war that cuts this “Gordian” knot that Pierre tied around his neck.

Tolstoy is also freed from erroneous thoughts. Now he understands what, or rather, who is the meaning of life.

Life gives Pierre a magnificent gift. He marries Natasha Rostova, whom he has been in love with all his life, but could not give vent to his feelings, since he was married. He bathes in the sea of ​​human happiness. He loves and is loved. A wonderful wife gave him four beautiful children. She loves and idolizes him. That's the whole philosophy.

The most important thing in the life of any person at all times is the family. And then work, friends, hobbies and everything else. The family gives strength and confidence in the future. When you know that your loved ones are waiting for you, you can move mountains.

And you can swing at the king. After all, the image of Pierre was conceived as the image of the future Decembrist.

Option 4

He did not get lost among the many other heroes of the novel. We can say that he is also Tolstoy's favorite hero. Together with the author, you can see the process of becoming a person. From a soft-bodied spineless, from which “ropes are twisted”, to a man who swung at the king himself.

For the first time we see him in the salon of Anna Scherer. What was he like? A short-haired fat man in glasses, in a frill and pantaloons. He clearly does not belong there, those around him are laughing at him from the sly. He is simple-hearted and trusting and looks like either a bear cub or a big child. So naive, not knowing life, that he can easily be deceived.

When he receives a huge inheritance and becomes one of the richest suitors in St. Petersburg, the ridicule stops. Cunning and predatory ladies are trying to get a rich groom into their networks. And this cold, selfish "doll" Helen Kuragina succeeds.

But he has to take off his rose-colored glasses and face the realities of real life. His wife is cheating on him, and his lover challenges him to a duel. These events push him to join the Masonic lodge, where all people are brothers. So he thinks.

But membership in this organization does not bring him happiness or peace of mind. But a simple Russian soldier, Platon Karataev, with his peasant jokes and jokes, cures his suffering soul. Oh, this is Russian patience and humility (for the time being, for the time being), tolerance for French soldiers, forgiveness of friends and relatives.

After the captivity, Pierre seemed to be born again. He is more tolerant of people, trying to find positive qualities in every bad person.

Tolstoy knowingly brings together two of his favorite characters - Natasha and Pierre. Yes, Pierre is not a handsome prince Andrei Bolkonsky, not a hussar Dolokhov, he is rustic, full, with glasses. He is beautiful with inner beauty. He is generous. Suffice it to recall how he persuaded Prince Andrei to forgive Natasha: "A fallen woman can be forgiven." But the prince did not forgive.

They are simply made for each other. They need each other. Having suffered, they are worthy of simple human happiness. Natasha blossoms from the true love of a loved one. They create a wonderful family. Pierre does not have a soul in his wife and his four children.

Describing the family of Pierre and Natasha, perhaps Tolstoy wanted to see his family like this. But his wife, alas, is not Natasha Rostova. She tormented him with her chicanery.

Pierre Bezukhov - Characteristics of the hero

Each of us at least once thought about our behavior in life and at the same time about the meaning of existence on Earth. But to get an answer to this is almost impossible, but even more difficult, to make the right choice. It is this and many other problems of that time that are raised by Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" in the image of Pierre Bezukhov.

The young Count Pierre Bezukhov goes through many rapidly changing stages in the formation of his personality: from many entertainments and disappointments. At the beginning of the novel, the spiritual state of high society causes a slight dislike, but over time, attitudes towards this quickly change. Pierre never had a bad attitude towards the people who were subordinate to him: he built specially schools for them, trying to give them science that was not available to them at that time. Like all men of the Russian Empire, Count Bezukhov dreamed of showing himself in the war and personally killing Napoleon. The same, despite this, Pierre was a gentle and reasonable person, he could always come to the truth in a dispute with an opponent, but this also does not prevent him from defending his point of view at the right time. Like all people living on earth, Pierre makes mistakes. And one of these mistakes is the marriage with Helen Kuragina, which did not bring anything good, but only forced to know all the falsity of the environment to which she belonged. There was no love between them, so Helen cheated on her husband: “she is a depraved woman. I asked her once if she felt any signs of pregnancy. She laughed contemptuously and said that she was not a fool to want to have children, and that she would not have children from me. Therefore, after some time, the count decides to terminate the union between them.

After that, he plunges headlong into the idea of ​​relief and equality in the life of serfs. But this idea does not bring Pierre the spiritual satisfaction he was counting on. This made Bezukhov disillusioned for a moment in his life. However, this did not last long, as he woke up in love with the young beauty Natasha Rostova. Love for her helped, revived the count again and made him move on in life and dream of quiet happiness with the lady of the heart. But fate presents an unexpected turn: the Patriotic War.

Summing up all that has been said, Pierre Bezukhov went a long and difficult path before he found happiness and peace. But the most important thing in the life of the count lies ahead. Just like in all the others, the hero of the epic novel Tolstoy put into him the idea of ​​serving people. Many hopes for a happy and equal future were also invested in Pierre, which makes him an unusual person for that period of time.