Conditions for the formation of personality. Formation of the environment as a factor in the formation of personality In society, the formation of personality takes place

The personal development of each person is due to the mutual influence of certain components on each other. So, the factors influencing the formation, and they should include: the features of education, heredity and practical activity of a person, create a significant contribution to the development of the individuality of each of us.

Factors in the formation of a person's personality

At present, the views of scientists regarding which factors are priority in personal development have split into two groups. Some believe that heredity determines the future of the newborn, while discarding the important role of education and the environment. Others, in turn, are of the opinion that the main factors in the formation of personality is a combination of social and biological components. Let's consider each of them in more detail:

1. Social environment. Communication and activities aimed at improving the life of society help to create all the conditions of life for the individual, thereby helping to form knowledge and create everything. the necessary conditions for self-realization. It is the acquisition of new communication skills that indicates a person's personal activity. But, perhaps, the negative quality of this factor is sometimes an unintended, spontaneous influence of society on the development of each of us.

2. Education can sometimes completely change human nature. Only that upbringing that is ahead of development is considered excellent. In other words, the leading factor in the formation of personality, regardless of its age, is self-education.

3. Biological factors of personality formation:

Continuing the theme of the inclinations of the abilities of each individual, it should be noted that their presence does not guarantee that a genius lives in you. Without daily hard work aimed at mastering certain skills, you will not be able to become a great mathematician, astrophysicist, etc.

Introduction

1. Socialization of the individual

2. The role of society in the formation of personality

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

A person is not born as a person, does not receive biological guarantees of personal development, but becomes one in the process of development: he acquires speech, consciousness, skills and habits in dealing with things and people that make him a social being. Personality is a social characteristic of a person. Personality is an awareness of oneself, the external world and a place in it - such a definition of personality was given by Hegel in his time.

Analysis of development factors started by ancient scientists. Everyone was interested to know the answer to the question: why do different people achieve different levels of development? What influences personality development?

Ancient philosophers expressed the idea that it is impossible to live in a society and be independent of it. To meet their many and varied needs, a person is forced to interact with other people and social communities that are carriers of certain knowledge and values, and is forced to participate in joint activities. Throughout his life, he is connected with other people directly or indirectly, influencing them and being the object of social influences.

Personality formation is a complex process influenced by two groups of factors: biological and social. Scientists argue that the main factor in the process of personality formation is social influence in the form of a whole complex of purely human influences (this includes education, upbringing, social living conditions, culture, traditions, customs, etc.)

All of the above justifies the relevance of the chosen topic.

The purpose of this work: to analyze the influence of society on the formation of personality.

The work consists of introduction, 2 chapters, conclusion and list of references.

1. Socialization of the individual

Personality is one of those phenomena that are rarely interpreted in the same way by two different authors. From the point of view of some, each personality is formed and develops in accordance with its innate qualities and abilities, while the social environment plays a very insignificant role. Representatives of another point of view completely reject the innate internal traits and abilities of the individual, believing that the individual is a product that is completely formed in the course of social experience. However, practice shows that the social factors of personality formation are more significant.

It is known that the infant enters Big world as a biological organism and his main concern at this point is his own physical comfort. After some time, the child becomes a human being with a set of attitudes and values, with likes and dislikes, goals and intentions, patterns of behavior and responsibility, as well as with a uniquely individual vision of the world. Man achieves this state through a process which we call socialization. During this process, the individual becomes a human person.

Socialization is a process by which an individual assimilates the norms of his group in such a way that through the formation of his own "I" the uniqueness of this individual as a person is manifested.

The formation of personality is characterized by the sequence and progression of changes occurring in the consciousness and behavior of the individual.

Human development cannot be understood in isolation from the family, social group and culture to which it belongs.

From the very first hours of a person's life, the process of his socialization begins, which is based on connections between individuals and the development of social skills. In part, this process depends on innate mechanisms and the maturation of the nervous system, however, it is primarily determined by the experience that a person receives throughout life.

The exceptionally great importance of early socialization for the entire process of personality formation was noted by Z. Freud, C. Cooley, J. Mead, J. Piaget and many other scientists. It is at this stage that children receive the first elementary knowledge, master the skills of thinking, cognition, action, communication, master the rules of communication, get acquainted with the simplest cultural values ​​and norms and learn to follow them. The main meaning of the process of socialization for the individual on her early stages- search for your social place. The main reference points in this process are: awareness of one's "I" and understanding of one's "I".

Mastering upright posture and speech, the development of thinking and consciousness in early childhood (from 2 to 5 years), the acquisition of complex activity skills (drawing, cognition, labor), and finally, schooling in middle and late childhood - these are the main stages in understanding one's own " I AM".

Comprehension of one's "I" is the process of becoming the value core of the personality. This process begins in middle childhood and occurs on the basis of a constant evaluation of oneself in comparison with "other people" such as "I". During this process, ideas about good and evil, the purpose and meaning of life, and other spiritual, moral and worldview attitudes are formed.

The process of socialization of the child, his formation and development, becoming as a person takes place in interaction with the environment, which has a decisive influence on this process through a variety of social factors.

The most important for the socialization of the child is the society. The child masters this immediate social environment gradually. If at birth a child develops mainly in the family, in the future he masters more and more new environments - preschool institutions, groups of friends, discos, etc. With age, the "territory" of the social environment mastered by the child expands more and more. At the same time, the child, as it were, constantly seeks and finds the environment that is most comfortable for him, where the child is better understood, treated with respect, etc.

There are two levels of socialization: the level of primary socialization and the level of secondary socialization.

Primary socialization occurs in the sphere of interpersonal relations in small groups. The immediate environment of the individual acts as the primary agents of socialization: parents, close and distant relatives, family friends, peers, teachers, doctors, etc.

Secondary socialization occurs at the level of large social groups and institutions. Secondary agents are formal organizations, official institutions: representatives of the school administration, the army, the state, etc.

The social development of the child occurs in two interrelated areas: socialization and individualization.

If, when a child enters society, a balance is established between the processes of socialization and individualization, when, on the one hand, he learns the norms and rules of behavior adopted in this society, and, on the other hand, makes his significant “contribution” to it, his individuality, integration occurs child into society. At the same time, a mutual transformation of both the individual and the environment takes place. These processes are manifested at all levels of society, including when a child enters a particular group, a community of people, and influence the formation of certain personal qualities.

All these processes can occur spontaneously, spontaneously in the course of the child's life, or they can be regulated, at least in part, by a purposeful influence on the development of the child - upbringing.

Thus, as a result of the upbringing and influence of social factors (cultural, historical and religious traditions, the media, children's public associations, the school team, friends, etc.), there is a natural process of integrating the child into society, "growing into human culture", t .e. his socialization.

At the same time, the more significant and diverse the influence of society on the child, the freer and more independent of it the child becomes.

2. The role of society in the formation of personality

Society (from lat. Socium - general) is a large stable social community, characterized by the unity of the living conditions of people and the commonality of culture, cultural heritage and traditions. We consider society, first of all, from the point of view of the process of including a person into it through the nearest social environment, into society as a whole. From this point of view, it becomes important that the relationship between a person and the external social conditions of his life, his life in society has the character of interaction.

The environment is not just a street, houses and things, the location of which is enough for a person to know in order to feel comfortable there when entering it. The environment is also the most diverse communities of people, which are characterized by a special system of relations and rules that apply to all members of this community. Therefore, on the one hand, a person introduces something of his own into it, to a certain extent influences it, changes it, but at the same time, the environment also influences a person, makes its demands on him. It can accept a person, some of his actions, manifestations, or maybe reject; may treat him kindly, or maybe hostilely.

Personality formation is a very complex process that occurs:

Influenced by family, school, out-of-school institutions;

Under the influence of the media (print, radio, television, more recently the Internet);

As a result of live, direct communication with other people.

In different age periods of personal development, the number of social institutions that take part in the formation of a child as a person, their educational value are different.

In the process of development of the child's personality from birth to three years, the family dominates, and his main personality neoplasms are associated primarily with it. The positive impact on the personality of the child in the family is that no one, except for the people closest to him in the family - mother, father, grandmother, grandfather, brother, sister - treats the child better, does not love him and does not care so much about German

In preschool childhood, the influence of the family is added to the influence of communication with peers, other adults, access to accessible media. With admission to school, a new powerful channel of educational influence on the personality of the child opens through peers, teachers, school subjects and affairs. The sphere of contacts with the mass media is expanding due to reading, the flow of educational information is sharply increasing, reaching the child and exerting a certain influence on him.

Starting from adolescence, communication with peers, with friends, among whom the child spends most of his time, plays an important role in shaping personality. This allows you to take a significant step from dependence to independence and move on to an autonomous, independent path of further personal development. From this age, self-education and self-improvement of the individual become increasingly important, which in youth become the main means of its development.

As they grow older, the role of the family in the development of the child gradually decreases, it is especially strong in the first years of the child's life. In infancy, the primary influence on the child is the mother or the person who replaces her, who directly cares for the child and constantly communicates with him. In general, the family begins to actively influence the child with early age when he masters speech, upright posture and gets the opportunity to enter into various contacts with different family members. In the early years, family educational influence is mainly reduced to a variety of influences on the emotional sphere of the child, as well as on his external behavior: submission to elementary disciplinary and hygienic norms and rules.

In childhood, to the described family influences, those are added that are aimed at educating the child's curiosity, perseverance, adequate self-esteem, the desire for responsiveness, sociability, kindness, as well as the moral formation of the personality, which, first of all, are manifested in relations with people: decency, honesty, etc. Here, not only adults begin to take part in the upbringing of the child, but also peers with whom he plays a lot and in various ways, and this happens in role-playing games with rules that are typical for children of older preschool age.

With admission to school, the educational influence of the family weakens somewhat due to the fact that the school begins to successfully compete with it. It is here that the child receives the first ideas about civic life, learns to comply with the formal requirements of discipline and order, learns to interact and communicate with his peers, with senior teachers.

A significant part of the time the child now spends outside the family, among teachers and peers, communicating with them in various situations and on various occasions. The impact of the family on the personal development of the child is not only relatively smaller, it is changing qualitatively. Adult family members consciously focus their attention on nurturing in the child such personality traits that are necessary for successful learning and communication with various people at school and outside the home. During the period of study in the lower grades, the influence of school and family, however, still remains the same.

In adolescence, the situation changes radically. The personality-developing influence of school and out-of-school communication is increasing in comparison with the influence of intra-family communication, and adolescence in this regard is a transitional period from childhood to adulthood. Some children of adolescence still remain under the strong and dominant influence of the family, while others leave it already at the beginning of adolescence. Therefore, in terms of individual characteristics, just this age also seems to be transitional and one of the most difficult. If family members close to the child are treated with due understanding, if good, trusting relationships are established between the teenager and his parents (grandparents, brothers, sisters, etc.), then the family can remain the dominant institution of positive social relations for a long period of growing up. psychological relationships.

With the transition to early adolescence, the influence of external institutions of education begins to prevail over the family for the vast majority of children. The further process of the formation of the child's personality, starting from this time, acquires purely individual features and directly depends on the circle of people with whom the boy or girl communicates, as well as on the situations in which communication turns, and on his character.

In general, the influence of the school on the development of the child as a person is episodic, although chronologically it takes a period of time up to 10 years (from 6-7 to 16-17 years). Children do not spend much time directly at school, and, in addition, a significant part is spent on teaching, and not on education, i.e. associated mainly with the development of the cognitive sphere, and not personality. And, nevertheless, there is a certain period in the life of a child associated with the school, when it plays a significant role in his personal formation. This is the primary school age and the beginning of adolescence, when children are psychologically still in the sphere of significant influence from adults who are authoritative for them, in this case teachers. It is precisely at this time that the main educational influences on the part of the school should be timed.

Early adolescence is a time of relative stabilization of the personality, its practical preparation for independent life in society. However, taking into account the totality of all factors influencing the formation of personality, it is necessary to note the decisive role of the activity of the personality itself. It is she who transforms all the factors in herself: something accepts in them, but something does not.

By the age of about 16-17 years, the personality can be considered basically already formed. Those changes that occur to a person in the course of his later life usually do not affect many personality traits and then remain practically unchanged.

The period after graduation is especially important and difficult, when a person has to constantly make responsible choices (in the broadest sense of the word): profession, marriage partner, value systems, etc. This is the period of the most intensive making of vital decisions. Various organizations and institutions, universities, the media, etc., begin to play an increasingly large role in the formation of personality.

Conclusion

When a child is born, they say that a person was born as a biological being, but by no means can it be said that a personality was born. A person is not born as a person, but becomes one in the process of development: he acquires speech, consciousness, skills and habits in dealing with things and people, becomes the bearer of social relations.

In the process of development, a person reveals his internal properties, inherent in him by nature and formed in him by life and upbringing: biological and social. According to a number of scientists, it is the influence of society that acts as the main factor in the process of personality formation.

So, the formation of a personality is a complex, long process and means its transformation from a biological individual into a social being - a personality. This transformation occurs in the process of human socialization, its integration into society (society), into various types of social groups and structures through the assimilation of values, attitudes, social norms, patterns of behavior, on the basis of which socially significant qualities of the individual are formed, i.e. assimilation by the individual of the requirements of society.

At birth, a child develops in a family, in the future he masters more and more new social environments - preschool institutions, schools, universities, various organizations, groups of friends, discos, etc., in which he is formed as a person.

This process proceeds most intensively in childhood and adolescence, when all basic orientations are laid down.

Thus, in the process of personality formation, society plays one of the fundamental roles.

List of used literature

Bokachev I.A. Personality formation in the process of socialization. / Vestnik SevKavGTU. Series Humanities. - Stavropol: SevKavGTU, 2004. - No. 1 (11). - P.42-47.

Nemov R.S. Psychology. Textbook for students of higher education. ped. textbook establishments. In 3 books. - 4th ed. Book 2. Psychology of education. - M.: Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 2003. - 496 p.

General psychology: textbook. for students of pedagogical institutes./Ed. A.V. Petrovsky. - 3rd ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 1986. - 464 p.

Formation Formation personalities, psychological features of age periods Abstract >> Psychology

FORMATION PERSONALITIES, PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES ... a new social situation causes formation features personalities. In an effort to become ... - the final stage of maturation and formation personalities. Formation personalities also includes becoming...

The formation of personality is a process that does not end at a certain stage of human life, but always lasts. There are no two identical interpretations of the term "personality", because this is a rather multifaceted concept. There are two radically different professional views on the phenomenon of the human personality. According to one of them, the development of personality is influenced by the natural data of a person, which are innate. The second view evaluates the personality as a social phenomenon, that is, it recognizes exclusively the influence on the personality of the social environment in which it develops.

Personality formation factors

Of the many theories of personality presented by various psychologists, one can clearly distinguish the main idea: personality is formed on the basis of a person’s biological data and the learning process, gaining life experience and self-awareness. The formation of a person's personality begins already in early childhood, and continues throughout life. It is influenced by a number of factors, both internal and external. Let's consider them in more detail. Internal factors are, first of all, the temperament of a person, which he receives genetically. External factors include upbringing, the environment, and the social level of a person, and even the time, the century in which he lives. Let us consider in more detail the two sides of personality formation - biological and social.

It should also be noted that personality is influenced by culture, the social experience of previous generations, which cannot be transmitted with genes. The significance of the biological factor in the formation of personality cannot be ignored. It is thanks to him that people who grow up in the same conditions become different and unique. The mother plays the most important role for the child, because he is closely connected with her, and this contact can be attributed to the biological factors influencing the formation and development of the personality. In the mother's womb, the child is completely dependent on the mother.

Her mood, emotions, feelings, not to mention her lifestyle, greatly affect the baby. It is a mistake to think that a woman and her fetus are connected only by the umbilical cord. They are interconnected, this connection affects the lives of both. The simplest example: a woman who was nervous a lot and experienced negative emotions during pregnancy will have a child who succumbs to fears and stresses, nervous conditions, anxieties and even pathologies in development, which cannot but affect the formation and development of the child's personality.

Each newborn person begins his own way of personality formation, in which he goes through three main stages: absorption of information about the world around him, repetition of someone's actions and behavior patterns, accumulation of personal experience. In the prenatal period of development, the child does not get the opportunity to imitate someone, cannot have personal experience, but he can absorb information, that is, receive it with genes and as part of the mother's body. That is why heredity and the attitude of the expectant mother to the fetus, the way of life of a woman are of such great importance for the development of a personality.

Socialization is an entry into society, therefore it has a framework for duration. The socialization of the individual begins in the first years of life, when a person masters the norms and orders, begins to distinguish the roles of the people around him: parents, grandparents, educators, strangers. An important step in the beginning of socialization is the acceptance by the individual of his role in society. These are the first words: “I am a girl”, “I am a daughter”, “I am a first grader”, “I am a child”. In the future, a person must determine his attitude to the world, his calling, his way of life. For the personality of adolescents, an important step in socialization is the choice of a future profession, and for young and mature people, the creation of their own family.

Socialization stops when a person completes the formation of his attitude to the world and realizes his own role in it. In fact, the socialization of the individual continues throughout life, but its main stages must be completed on time. If parents, educators and teachers miss some points in the upbringing of a child or teenager, then the young person may have difficulties in socialization. So, for example, people with whom sex education was not conducted at preschool age, even at an elementary level, have difficulties in determining their sexual orientation, in determining their psychological gender.

Summing up, we can say that the starting base for the development and formation of personality is the family, in which the child comprehends the first rules of behavior, the norms of communication with society. Then the baton passes to kindergartens, schools, universities. Of great importance are sections and circles, interest groups, classes with rehearsals. Growing up, accepting himself as an adult, a person learns new roles, including the role of spouse, parents, specialists. In this sense, the personality is influenced not only by upbringing and the environment of communication, but also by the media, the Internet, public opinion, culture, the political situation in the country and many other social factors.

The process of personality formation

In the process of socialization, everything around the individual takes part: family, neighbors, peers in children's institutions, school, the media, etc. For successful socialization (the formation of personality), according to D. Smelser, three factors must act: expectations, behavior changes and striving to meet those expectations. The process of personality formation, in his opinion, occurs in three different stages: 1) imitation and copying of adult behavior by children, 2) the game stage, when children are aware of behavior as the performance of a role, 3) the stage of group games, in which children learn to understand what a whole group of people are waiting for them.

Many sociologists argue that the process of socialization continues throughout a person's life, and argue that the socialization of adults differs from the socialization of children in several ways: the socialization of adults rather changes external behavior, while the socialization of children forms value orientations. Identification is a way of realizing belonging to a particular community. Through identification, children accept the behavior of parents, relatives, friends, neighbors, etc. and their values, norms, patterns of behavior as their own. Identification means the internal development of values ​​by people and is a process of social learning.

The process of socialization reaches a certain degree of completion when the individual reaches social maturity, which is characterized by the acquisition of an integral social status by the individual. In the 20th century, Western sociology established an understanding of sociology as that part of the process of personality formation, during which the most common common personality traits are formed, manifested in sociologically organized activity, regulated by the role structure of society. Talcott Parsons considers the family to be the main organ of primary socialization, where the fundamental motivational attitudes of the individual are laid.

Socialization is a complex, multilateral process of social formation and development of the individual, occurring under the influence of the social environment and the purposeful educational activities of society. The process of socialization of the individual is the process of transforming an individual with his natural inclinations and potential opportunities for social development into a full member of society. In the process of socialization, a person is formed as a creator of material wealth, an active subject of social relations. The essence of socialization can be understood on the condition that a person is considered both as an object and a subject of social influence.

The problem of education is one of the eternal social problems, the final solution of which is impossible in principle. Education remains not only one of the most massive forms of human activity, but also continues to bear the main burden of shaping human sociality, since the main task of education is to change a person in the direction determined by social needs. Upbringing is the activity of transferring socio-historical experience to new generations, a systematic and purposeful impact that ensures the formation of the personality, its preparation for social life and productive work.

Considering education as a function of society, which consists in consciously influencing an individual in order to prepare him to fulfill one or another social role by transferring to him the social experience accumulated by mankind, developing certain features and qualities, it is possible to determine the specificity of the subject of the sociology of education. The sociology of education is the formation of a personality as a specific carrier of sociality with certain worldview, moral, aesthetic attitudes and life aspirations as a result of education as a purposeful activity of society.

On the one hand, the upbringing of a personality is aimed at familiarizing a person with the values ​​of culture, on the other hand, upbringing consists in individualization, in acquiring a personality of its own “I”. For all the importance of purposeful educational activity, the decisive factor for the formation of a personality with conscious traits and principles of behavior is, nevertheless, the influence of specific living conditions in itself.

Conditions for the formation of personality

The moral formation of a personality is an important part of the process of socialization of an individual, his entry into the social environment, his assimilation of certain social roles and spiritual values ​​- ideology, morality, culture, social norms of behavior - and their implementation in various types social activity. The socialization of an individual, his moral formation is due to the action of three groups of factors (objective and subjective): - universal experience in the field of work, communication and behavior; - material and spiritual features of a given social system and the social group to which the individual belongs (economic relations, political institutions, ideology, model, law); - the specific content of production, family, domestic and other social ties and relationships that make up the personal life experience of the individual.

From this it follows that the moral formation of the personality occurs under the influence of the conditions of social existence. But social existence is a complex concept. It is determined not only by what characterizes society as a whole: the dominant type of production relations, the organization of political power, the level of democracy, official ideology, morality, etc., but also by what characterizes large and small social groups. These are, on the one hand, large social communities of people, professional, national, age and other demographic macrogroups, and on the other hand, family, school, educational and production teams, household environment, friends, acquaintances and other microgroups.

The individual is formed under the influence of all these layers of society. But these layers themselves, their influence on people, both in content and in intensity, are unequal. General social conditions are the most mobile: they change to a greater extent as a result of social transformations, the new, progressive is more quickly established in them and the old, reactionary is being eliminated. Macrogroups are slower and more difficult to succumb to social change and therefore lag behind general social conditions in their social maturity. The most conservative are small social groups: they have stronger and more stable old views, customs, and traditions that contradict collectivist ideology and morality.

Formation of personality in the family

The family, from the point of view of sociologists, is a small social group based on marriage and blood relationship, whose members are connected by common life, mutual help, moral responsibility. This ancient institution of human society has gone through a difficult path of development: from tribal forms of hostel life to modern forms of family relations. Marriage as a stable union between a man and a woman arose in a tribal society. The basis of marital relations gives rise to rights and obligations.

Foreign sociologists consider the family as a social institution only if it is characterized by three main types of family relations: marriage, parenthood and kinship, in the absence of one of the indicators, the concept of "family group" is used. The word "marriage" comes from the Russian word "to take". A family union can be registered or unregistered (actual). Marriage relationships registered government agencies(in registry offices, wedding palaces), are called civil; illuminated by religion - church. Marriage is a historical phenomenon, it has gone through certain stages of its development - from polygamy to monogamy.

Urbanization has changed the way and rhythm of life, which has led to a change in family relations. The urban family, not burdened with running a large household, oriented towards independence and independence, has moved into the next phase of its development. The patriarchal family was replaced by the married one. Such a family is usually called nuclear (from the Latin core); It includes spouses and their children). Weak social security, material difficulties experienced by the family at the present time, have led to a reduction in the birth rate in Russia and the formation of a new type of family - childless.

According to the type of residence, the family is divided into patrilocal, matrilocal, neolocal and unilocal. Let's take a look at each of these forms. The matrilocal type is characterized by the family living in the wife's house, where the son-in-law was called "primak". For a long period in Russia, the patrilocal type was widespread, in which the wife, after marriage, settled in her husband's house and was called "daughter-in-law." The nuclear type of marital relations is reflected in the desire of the newlyweds to live independently, separately from their parents and other relatives.

This type of family is called neolocal. For a modern urban family, a typical type of family relationship can be considered a unilocal type, in which the spouses live where there is the possibility of living together, including renting housing. A sociological survey conducted among young people showed that young people entering into a marriage union do not condemn marriages of convenience. Only 33.3% of respondents condemn such marriages, 50.2% treat it with understanding, and 16.5% even "would like to have such an opportunity." Modern marriages are getting old. Average age people entering into marriage over the past 10 years has increased among women by 2 years, among men - by 5 years. The tendency, characteristic of Western countries, to create a family by solving professional, material, housing, and other problems, is also observed in Russia.

Marriages are now generally of different ages. Usually, one of the members of the marriage union, more often the eldest, takes responsibility for solving economic, household and other problems. And although family psychologists, for example, Bandler, consider the optimal difference in the age of spouses 5-7 years, modern marriages are characterized by a difference of 15-20 years (and not always a woman is younger than a man). The change in social relations also affected the problems of the modern family.

In the practice of family relations fictitious marriages take place. In such a registered form, marriage is typical for the capital and large industrial and cultural centers of Russia, their basis is the receipt of certain benefits. The family is a complex multifunctional system, it performs a number of interrelated functions. The function of the family is a way of manifesting the activity and vital activity of its members. The functions should include: economic, household, recreational, or psychological, reproductive, educational.

Sociologist A.G. Kharchev considers the reproductive function of the family to be the main social function, which is based on the instinctive desire of a person to continue his kind. But the role of the family is not reduced to the role of a "biological" factory. Performing this function, the family is responsible for the physical, mental and intellectual development of the child, it acts as a kind of birth control. Currently, demographers note a decrease in the birth rate in Russia. So, in 1995, newborns amounted to 9.3 per one thousand of the population, in 1996 - 9.0; in 1997-8 newborns.

A person acquires value for society only when he becomes a personality, and its formation requires a purposeful, systematic impact. It is the family, with its constant and natural nature of influence, that is called upon (to form the character traits, beliefs, views, worldview of the child. Therefore, singling out the educational function of the family as the main one makes social sense.

For each person, the family performs emotional and recreational functions that protect a person from stressful and extreme situations. The comfort and warmth of a home, the fulfillment of a person's need for trusting and emotional communication, sympathy, empathy, support - all this allows a person to be more resistant to the conditions of modern troubled life. The essence and content of the economic function is not only the maintenance of a common household, but also the economic support of children and other family members during their disability.

The personal qualities of a person are manifested exclusively during socialization, that is, in the process of implementation general activities with other individuals. In another case, the improvement of his spiritual, mental and spiritual self-development is impossible. In addition, during socialization, the formation of the environment of each person occurs.

The real reality in which the individual develops is called the environment. In addition, various external circumstances influence the improvement of the individual: family, social, school and geographical. Scientists, talking about the impact of the environment on the formation of personality, in most cases have in mind the home and social microclimate. The first factor corresponds to the immediate environment (family, acquaintances, relatives, etc.), and the second - to the distant one (material well-being, political system in the country, interactions in society, etc.).

A great influence on the self-improvement of a person, starting from his very birth, has a home environment. It is there that the first and most important years, necessary for the formation of a person, pass. Family relationships define interests, needs, values ​​and views on certain situations. In addition, there are laid the initial conditions for improving the personal qualities of each individual.

The process of interaction between a person and his environment is called socialization. This term appeared in American psychology and originally implied the relationship by which the individual adapted to his environment. Based on this, adaptation is the initial component of socialization.

The main goal of society is to maintain the social environment in an optimal state. At the same time, it constantly forms stereotypes and standards, which it tries to maintain at the proper level. In order for a person to develop normally, it is necessary to adhere to these rules, since, otherwise, the process of socialization can develop for a very long time or completely stop. However, thanks to the principles of freedom and independence initially laid down in each person, each individual should form his own opinion on any situation. Thus, individuality is formed, which is the main driving factor in the development of both each individual and the whole society.

As a result, the full disclosure of the concept of socialization occurs in the totality of the following factors: independent regulation, adaptation, development, integration, as well as dialectical unity. The more these components influence the individual, the faster he becomes a person.

Socialization consists of several stages, during which certain tasks are solved. Modern psychology divides these stages, depending on the participation of the individual in labor activity, as well as on how he relates to it.

Factors Influencing Personal Improvement

In sociology, factors are usually called certain circumstances that create favorable conditions for socialization. A.V. Mudrik formulated the basic principles and identified four stages of specialization:

• microfactors - social conditions that affect each, without exception, personality: family, home atmosphere, a group of peers in a technical school or university, various organizations in which an individual learns and interacts with a similar environment;
• mesofactors (or intermediate factors) - are determined by a broader social atmosphere, i.e., with the place where each individual lives at the moment: village, city, district, region, etc. In addition, differences can be by belonging to any subculture (group, sect, party, etc.) as well as to the means of obtaining information (television, Internet, etc.);
• macro factors - have an impact on significant human groups that occupy a certain territory on a scale: planets, countries, states, etc. Moreover, some factors can be inherited from previous factors.
  - megafactors (or the largest) - imply factors in the largest representations: the world, the planet, the universe, etc. Also, in some cases, it can be considered in relation to the population of the earth living in vast areas (countries, continents, etc.) .).

If we compare all these components, then most of all the development of personality is influenced by microfactors. With their help, the process of interaction occurs through the so-called agents of socialization. These include those persons with whom each particular person interacts. Depending on his age, agents can be completely different people. For example, for children, these are the closest relatives (parents, brothers, sisters, grandparents), neighbors, acquaintances, friends, etc. In youth and youth, the main agents of socialization are: spouses, study and work colleagues, colleagues in the army . In adulthood and old age, their own children, grandchildren, etc. are added. At the same time, most agents can move from category to category starting from a very early age.

How is the human environment formed?

Each person tries to form around himself such an environment that would in every possible way contribute to his development and self-improvement. At the same time, he should not feel constrained and restless. After all, everyone understands that it is much easier to develop in an environment where all other people also strive to improve and improve their lives.

According to the conclusions of scientists, the influence of the environment on each individual person is almost imperceptible, but it has a very powerful effect. Therefore, it is necessary to try to form an environment around yourself exclusively of successful and interesting people.
To form a successful environment, the following principles must be followed:

1. Always look for opportunities to meet and chat with interesting and successful people. When talking with them, you can always learn some important and necessary information. However, it should be remembered that you yourself must be something interesting to this person.
2. Study the work of interesting people. It can be an autobiography, a book, video or audio materials. From them you can learn a lot of useful things for yourself.
3. Develop diversified. This includes various habits and hobbies: outdoor morning workouts, yoga classes, trainings, seminars, etc. At such events, it is very common to meet like-minded people and form a successful environment.

Creating an environment means constantly working on improving yourself, at every moment in time and in any area.

For self-improvement, it is necessary to set more complex tasks and goals for yourself each time. Depending on age and social status, they can be completely different, but the main factor must remain unchanged, that any activity must be aimed at improving the individual as a person.

There are two main theories about how environment influences personality development. According to one of them, a person is initially born with a program embedded in him, which forms his abilities and character. On the other hand, it is the environment of a person that forms the personality of each individual person.

If a person takes a look at his surroundings, then he will be able to identify certain patterns, that is, all these people will be of approximately the same social status, education, and also have common interests. Thus, it will also match all of these parameters. And if an individual wants to change his life and improve it in some way, then the first thing to do is to change his environment. After all, it will be very difficult or almost impossible to reach your goal in an environment where they don’t believe in you.

There is a good example in our history - Mikhail Lomonosov. As a young man, he had a strong thirst for knowledge. However, in the environment in which he was initially, the boy could not acquire the necessary skills and abilities. So he made a very difficult choice. The young man not only changed his environment, but also his place of residence, leaving for an unfamiliar city. Being completely alone, he did not give up, but, on the contrary, got stronger and revealed himself as a gifted and talented person.

On the other hand, at present, there are a lot of reverse examples. Many young people, having been born in large cities, received excellent education and work, become the usual "gray" mass. They have no interests, exist only for one day and are ordinary life-seekers.

From all this we can conclude that the environment always influences the formation and development of personality. Sometimes to a greater extent, sometimes to a lesser extent. Its influence on children is especially strong, so the main goal of parents is to help form a circle of friends and acquaintances in their child, as well as show some principles by their own example. An adult needs to identify for himself the priorities of his future life and, based on them, form the necessary and successful environment around him.

Where does our experience, our abilities and capabilities, our “know”, “can”, “want” come from? Our experience has only four sources:

• The biological organism and its innate experience;
• Learning through associational reflexes;
• Man has learned himself;
• Man was taught by other people.

In accordance with different understandings of personality, different researchers saw differently how personality is formed from these sources.

For a long time there have been disputes about what is more important for the formation of personality: the biological nature of a person or the social environment surrounding him, human culture. Psychology Soviet period represented primarily by the Vygodsky school, it proceeded from the priority of the socio-cultural environment. L.S. Vygodsky believed that the social environment is not just one of the factors, but the main source of personality development. The child develops in tandem with adults, assimilating culture through them: tools and signs, skills and knowledge. Accordingly, according to Vygodsky, in order to study the consciousness of a person, one does not need to peer into this consciousness, one simply needs to understand and explore what has been invested in a person. Everything inside is the outside turned inside. Thinking does not develop itself, but is formed from outside. The zone of proximal development is determined by the art of the adult and the framework of the natural maturation of the child's organism.

A striking exponent of the opposite point of view was humanistic psychology, primarily represented by Carl Rogers. According to Rogers, the biological nature of man is characterized by a tendency to growth and development, just as in the seed of a plant there is a tendency to growth and development. In human biology there is an orientation towards positivity, constructiveness, maturity and socialization. For Carl Rogers, everything that a person needs for development is in his body, little is needed from society, in fact, just do not interfere and support. As for the metaphor of the seed from which development unfolds, then, according to Rogers, a person has only one seed.

The term "personality formation" has a double meaning: 1) "personality formation" as its development, its process and result; 2) "formation of personality" as its purposeful education (if I may say so, "shaping", "molding", "designing", "molding", etc.). See →

In this article, the formation of a personality is considered as the acquisition of personality traits (forms) by a child, and the acquisition of a real form by a personality. Different specialists see this process in their own way.

Within the framework of the behavioral and role approach, the formation of a personality, the achievement of social maturity by it can be represented as the development of certain personal and social roles by it. See →

In the activity approach, it is believed that the formation of personality occurs through its double birth. In the first birth, immediate motives begin to obey social norms, in the second, a person (adolescent) begins to realize and subjugate his own motives. Already not only motives control him, but he can also control his motives. See →

The development of a child is determined not only by his soul and his body. The development of the child is determined by those adults who are next to him.

A child does not grow in an airless space, and with any of its soil and with any of its seeds, attentive gardeners take care of its soil (well, they can take care of it), changing its composition. Attentive gardeners have the opportunity to plant crop seeds in the soil in time, and even if they are overgrown with burdock, weed the soil.

Personality formation is always a process shared between a child and an adult. The smaller the role of a cultured adult, the greater the role of the body. The stronger the cultural, educative influence of an adult, the greater the influence of the soul - at first the soul of an adult, and then, when it saturates the soil of a child, this is already the influence of the soul of the child himself.

The first sprouts of personality are the stubbornness of the baby "I myself", the next steps are the upholding of independence by a teenager and the development of independence in youth, later - growing up, and all the way - the development of mind and will.

Will

The formation of personality occurs through the development of the will and is expressed through the development of the will. One helps the other. See →

Maternal love and the formation of personality

Both in the near-psychological environment and in the psychological community itself, there is often a conviction that without maternal love a full-fledged personality cannot be formed. There is no such data in scientifically oriented psychology. On the contrary, it is easy to give the opposite data, when a child grew up without a mother or without maternal love, but grew up into a developed, full-fledged person. Cm.