Features of the development of the child at an early age. Early child development At what age should you start exercising? What is child development

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First month

• Distinguishes different colors
• Distinguishes the sounds
• Able to stop looking at a slowly moving object,
• Tries to raise the head in the prone position.

• Create a calm and welcoming environment
• More to be around at a time when the baby is not sleeping,
• Try to catch his eye, talk,
• Children with whom they communicate a lot, by the end of 4 weeks of life, in response, they can make various sounds, that is, they make contact.

To stimulate the baby's organs of vision, you should take a colored rattle in your hand, bring it to a distance of 60 cm from the baby's eyes, hold it until your eyes focus on the object and slowly move it from side to side with an amplitude of up to 7 centimeters.
To develop hearing, the same exercise should be done with toys that emit various ( pleasant) sounds.

Second month

• Smile in response to the appearance or voice of an adult,
• Turn towards the sound
• Focus on a moving object
• Pronounce vowel sounds clearly
• Roll from side to back.

• It is very useful to look into the eyes of the child, giving the process a playful form,
• Toys should be hung at a height of 50 cm from the eyes of the child,
• Covers with different textures should be laid on the changing table and the baby should be laid out on them. This procedure replaces a kind of massage,
• If there is no muscle hypertonicity, you can take tiny bottles, pour some water into them and gently tie them to your legs and arms with soft rubber bands. It turns out a kind of dumbbells. Little by little, you can increase the amount of water in the bottles.

To develop hearing, take a bell so that the baby does not see it, ring it several times and look at the reaction. The distance between the bell and the baby's body should be about 70 cm.
You can hang a bell above the bed on a horizontal ribbon. Moving it slowly, you should observe how the baby's eyes move.
Such exercises can be repeated twice a day for three to four days in a row, after which 7 days of rest, to consolidate the result, exercise every 3 to 7 days.

third month

• Distinguishes the faces of loved ones
• In response to the appeal of adults, he hums,
• Knows how to express his dissatisfaction with whims,
• Holds the object in the pen and drags it into the mouth, the fingers straighten, the fists open,
• From the back turns to the side,
• He raises his head and can twist it.

• At this stage of development, the child smiles more often and cries less, and, according to scientists, such crumbs also have different smiles,
• Show different parts of the body and name them,
• Sing rhymes, songs to the child,
• Making faces is very popular with children, and they are always happy to try to imitate.

First games

fourth month

• Not only distinguishes the faces of others, but prefers mom,
• Distinguishes the voices of loved ones
• The hanging object is held by both one and both hands,
• Lying on your back, slightly raises the upper body,
• Preference for certain toys
• "Helps" to hold the bottle during feeding.

• Learning to roll over. To do this, a very attractive object should be placed on the side of the baby a little further than he can reach the object. In order to make it more interesting for the child to stretch, you can attach a small bell to the handle,
• To develop sensory skills, make several flat pads filled with foam rubber and sheathed with various materials that can be placed under the palms of a baby lying on his stomach. Buttons of different sizes can be sewn onto the pads, pad research should be carried out together with mom or dad,
• Let the baby feel the ropes with knots tied to them, smooth ribbons, try to pull the rope out of the child’s hands,
• You can widely introduce various nursery rhymes into use, for example, put the baby on the back, bend the legs and say " Pushers - horns, op. Changelings!"Or pull the baby's legs, saying:" Let's go, let's go for the salt, for the salt»,
• You can already start reading short stories and poems to your baby. Only this should be done as emotionally, with feeling as possible. Monotonous reading will not be interesting to the baby.

Fifth month

• Look at large pictures, especially those depicting faces,
• Pulls, holds and throws toys
• May be interested in the subject for 5 minutes,
• Responding to strangers
• Able to rest on his hands, lying on his stomach.

• The main skill most developed during this period is grasping. It is on him that the emphasis should be placed in the classroom. You can change the temperature of objects ( slightly warmer or colder). In addition, the baby learns to throw objects by opening his fingers,
• Above the crib, plastic rings or a small horizontal bar should be strengthened, the child will pull himself up, holding on to them. This perfectly strengthens not only the arms, but also the back,
• This is a period of mastering your own body, the baby feels himself with interest. You can help him. You should not punish the baby for too long exploring the genitals by touch. This behavior may indicate physical discomfort ( e.g. baby cream), to boredom and lack of attention. No need to spank on the handles, as this will only draw the attention of the child to this area,
• In games with a baby, a series of repetitive movements should be used in order to relax the muscles, get rid of hypertonicity ( if he still exists). You can shake the baby's head from side to side: watch, knead the dough - slap on the back, tummy, arms and legs. Bend and unbend the legs, while saying: " motorboat-motorboat is barely crawling, motorboat-motorboat, speed up! Motorboat-motorboat, full speed ahead!»
• The favorite game of children of this age is “coo-coo”. You can cover your baby's eyes with your palms or your own, cover your face with a diaper.

sixth month

• Tries to imitate sounds
• Trying to get up with support
• Picks up an object that he throws himself,
• Transfers an object from hand to hand
• Creeps up to an object located at a distance of half a meter.

• Children should not be punished for objects thrown out of the crib. This is an important point in development. It is better to tie them with twine to the side, and he himself will drag the toys back,
• It's time to release the child into the "big world": from the playpen to a trip around the apartment. But first you have to remove everything. potential hazards: wires, sharp and fragile objects, medicines,
• This is the feeding period. The most important stage in child development. He is already interested in adult food. But the introduction of complementary foods should be done very carefully and under the guidance of a pediatrician.
• While moving around the house with a baby in her arms, the child’s palm should touch all the objects that are on the way. The same can be done on the street. Since touch still plays a huge role in familiarizing the baby with the world around him, you should often change the textures of the surfaces around him. In this sense, patchwork blankets are ideal. They combine a lot of textures or special educational rugs,
• To train the fingers and hands, the following games are used: chicken pecking at the grain"- fingers fold with a beak and bale on the surface," paint the table"- the hand imitates the process of painting the surface, moving in different directions. First, you should drive the baby's hands, over time, he will try to repeat the movements himself.

seventh month

• Understands some commonly used words
• Drinks from a glass and eats from a spoon
• Gets scared when mom is out of sight
• Holding on to a support, he walks and stands confidently enough,
• Rolls over from back to tummy and vice versa
• Ability to fit small objects into larger ones
• Plays simple games like " Ladushki».

• During this period, you can begin to accustom the child to the concept of "no." But there should not be too many prohibitions; for this age, three forbidden things are enough. If there are more prohibitions, the child usually crosses out this word from the zone of his attention,
• The development of the child completely allows him to get his finger into the socket or put the wire in his mouth. Therefore, at this stage and henceforth, special attention should be paid to its environment and its safety,
• At this age, it is already quite possible to feed the baby with a spoon and give him slices of solid vegetables and fruits.
• The period of appearance of the so-called baby talk ( bi-bi, p-pi and so on), as well as the appearance of the first gestures. In sign language, you can focus your attention. According to some child psychologists, children who begin to “speak” with their parents in this language also learn oral speech easier and earlier. You can use the simplest gestures: come to me, bye, eat, sleep.
• Of the finger games are more popular " topalki" and " knockers". For instance: " stomped in the field, horses stomped (you need to stomp slowly), dust flies across the field from the clatter of hooves» ( intensify the stomp).
• For the development of speech, you should repeat simple sounds and syllables to the baby. This should be done by leaning forward, very clearly and separately. For all successes and attempts to repeat syllables, the baby should be praised.

eighth month

• Responds to simple requests such as give me the ball,
• Enjoys simple games
• Runs very well on all fours and can walk with support,
• Sitting confidently
• Bites off soft pieces of food, eats not only grated soups and cereals, but also more structured food,
• Frightened by loud and sudden noises.

• The baby has the first fears and the task of parents is to competently acquaint him with the outside world, household appliances,
• For good physical development, it is very important to crawl. Each kid does this in his own way: some on all fours, some sideways or on the ass. Crawling strengthens the child's muscles and prepares him for walking,
• For the first attempts to walk, it is better to use special aids ( suspenders),
• This is the period when you can try to introduce the child to the potty. Although many pediatricians recommend delaying dating until a year and a half,
• To strengthen the muscles of the back and body: put the child in the bath on his stomach, slowly draw water. This will encourage the child to get up on all fours. Exercise requires constant monitoring by parents, as the child may choke. Effective for lazy people who do not want to get up and crawl on their own,
• Walking on hands. An adult holds the baby by the legs, he rises on the arms. You can rock the child a little forward and backward.

ninth month

• The babble gradually turns into more complex and prolonged sounds,
• Can distinguish and show different parts of the body and face in himself, as well as in toys and parents,
• Crumple and tear leaves, plasticine,
• Flip through a cardboard book
• Gets up without holding on to anything
• He perfectly remembers where something forbidden and very interesting lies and tries to get, for example, to a mobile phone or keys.

• You can give the baby to dig with handles in beans, peas or flour under the supervision of parents. It is also useful to transfer nuts and pebbles from one container to another. For sleeping, you can give the baby a spoon or scoop,
• You can start teaching your baby to take off his sock or hat, as well as wash himself and help with the housework,
• It is necessary to play with the child. If mom and dad are not interested in the game, then the baby will be indifferent to it, will not be interested. You can play catch-up, crackers ( clapping hands). Even going to bed can turn into an exciting game if you take turns putting your mouth, nose, eyes, ears, and so on. In the same way, you can wake up
• You can gradually introduce drawing with crayons, appliqué. Children love to draw with their fingers for this there are special finger paints that are safe for kids).

ten months

• Listens carefully to the conversations of adults, understands when they are talking about him,
• Pays more attention to small toys and objects than to large ones,
• Can use one object to get another,
• Interested in peers
• Rolls a ball, cars, throws objects quite consciously,
• Tries to imitate adults
• Curious about what's inside toys
• He can sculpt pieces of plasticine on cardboard, smearing with his finger, and scratching with chalk.

How to develop it?

• It's time to teach the child to climb on low sofas and get off them,
• The child develops favorite activities, such as drawing or playing with musical toys. Based on them, you can come up with new fun for him,
• It is necessary to visit playgrounds where the child will observe other children and sometimes even try to interact with them,
• It is already possible to actively introduce games for the development of fine motor skills into everyday life: shifting matches from a box or into a box, laying out drawings from small objects, unscrewing lids, finger painting, classes with ribbons and twine, during such games it is important that both handles are involved, so that both hemispheres develop harmoniously,
• A round dance together with mom or three with a teddy bear is the first collective game of a child. It is better to dance in front of a mirror so that the baby can watch himself from the side. At first, it will be very difficult to lead a round dance, gradually the baby will learn, and it will be possible to complicate the task and introduce new movements.

eleven months

• Tries to name animals and birds by the sounds they make: woof-woof, qua-qua,
• Shakes head in denial, nods in agreement
• Uses simple gestures to say goodbye
• Repeats any manipulation in order to learn how to perform it better,
• Learning to walk
• Hanging on the bar for almost 60 seconds,
• Independently climbs 2 - 3 steps of the ladder,
• Says the first words.

• You can teach your baby to throw away the candy wrapper in the trash or bring various little things at the request. Such cooperation will bring a lot of positive emotions to both parents and the child,
• Children's toys now interest the child less than objects from "adult" life, this interest should be encouraged, and dangerous or valuable objects should be removed from the child's field of vision,
• The independence of the baby should be encouraged, giving him the opportunity to help make purchases in the store, dress himself ( socks and slippers are quite real), eat,
• The child needs to communicate with peers. At first, an hour of walking in the park or in the yard in the company of other children is enough. During such walks, children should be kept under supervision, but not particularly interfere in communication,
• Books should become a common item in everyday life. To accustom a child to books, you can buy him special hard books with squeaking, rustling inserts. Every day, the child needs to read with intonation, show pictures in books. Reading sessions should be short but interesting.

From one to three years

intellectual development

Two-year-olds already distinguish between primary colors, speak in short sentences. This is the age when children really like to collect pyramids and houses from cubes. Some may memorize a few lines from a verse.
It is not difficult to eat with a spoon and drink from a cup. Children at this age are very fond of drawing, although it is still quite difficult to make out something specific in these pictures.
It is important at this age to teach the child to wash, wash their hands and brush their teeth ( with the help of parents).

How to help a child develop?
At this age, the child's brain instantly grasps information, so all educational games will come in handy.

1. You should take four to five different objects of different colors, as well as the same number of sheets of colored paper of the same colors. After the baby sees all the toys, you should ask him to find the house of each of them. And put one on a sheet of the same color,

2. Take three or four objects made of materials of different density, pour water into the bath and try to “guess” which of them will float on the surface. Then you should lower all the toys into the bath. When the child examines the toys, he needs to be told what material they are made of and why they sink. At the end of the lesson, you should take a rag and dry all the toys together with the child,

3. It is necessary to pick up several pairs of animals: mother and baby. It can be pictures or soft toys. The baby should be told what sounds each animal makes, paying special attention to the fact that the mother “speaks” loudly, and the baby quietly. After that, hide one of the figures behind your back and make its inherent sound. The kid must guess who exactly is hidden behind his back.

At 3 years old

• Distinguish between the main four colors and some secondary colors,
• Can fold a nesting doll or put containers of different sizes into each other ( up to six pieces),
• Distinguishes and can pick up simple figures ( asterisk, heart, square, circle, triangle), knows their names,
• Can distinguish simple figures by touch,
• Easily copes with a large pyramid ( of 10 rings),
• Distinguish between larger and smaller sizes
• Distinguish between hard and soft
• Assembles a drawing from two to three pieces,
• Can complement the picture with missing elements,
• Can draw a circle, a rectangle, color it in,
• Draws simple pictures already invented on their own,
• Sculpts balls, sausages and flat cakes from plasticine, sticks one ball to another,
• Willingly plays role-playing games ( doctor, seller),
• Actively interacts with peers
• Proud of his successes, rejoices in praise, can be disobedient, inquisitive,
• In case of failures, he gets upset, sees and realizes the emotions of other people,
• Can copy the manner of speaking, perform any actions of adults and other children,
• At this age, a child can already pronounce up to one and a half thousand words, answers questions about his name, age, names animals, can retell a fairy tale, easily learns rhymes and nursery rhymes.

At 4 years old

• Vocabulary is already about two thousand words,
• Speech acquires intonation,
• They like to solve riddles, repeat phrases from cartoons, songs and rhymes with pleasure,
• They ask a lot of questions
• One lesson can take up to 20 minutes,
• They know the seasons of the day and the year, the right and left sides,
• Closer to five years, they can pick up rhymes,
• Sculpt figures from clay or plasticine, assemble mosaics, figures from Lego-type constructors,
• lace up shoes,
• Fold a piece of paper in half
• String large beads on the fishing line.

At 5 years old

What does he already know?

• Counts to at least 10, some kids know the alphabet
• They know colors and shades, they can select colors,
• Focuses on only one subject or task
• Expresses his thoughts very well, in long and complex sentences,
• In the dictionary of a five-year-old up to three thousand words,
• Can retell the story he heard
• Distinguished by gullibility to the people around him, tries to be like adults in everything and behave on an equal footing,
• Already have friends
• At this age, children often experience various fears, are quickly excited.

• This is the age when children not only take the love of their parents, but also learn the basics of bestowing love. Therefore, it is very important not to hide your feelings, to devote more time to the baby,
• In order not to raise an insecure person, you need to scold less and praise the child more,
• He should be taught the rules of behavior in transport, in a store, on the street, since such children do not yet understand the dangers associated with the outside world and strangers,
• It is important to train the child's memory, ask them to tell you how the day went. kindergarten. This will help in the future easier to assimilate knowledge,
• Now you can buy a notebook and write. These will be very simple activities that will prepare the baby for school. For example, fill in a line in a notebook with dashes at different angles, write a whole line of commas. Classes should not last longer than 20 minutes,
• It is very useful to fold puzzles, as well as pictures from separate parts,
• Good games for the development of logic, role-playing games.

At 6 - 7 years old

The child's skeleton during this period experiences a great load, as it increases significantly muscle mass. The posture of the child is formed. It is necessary to create a comfortable workplace for doing homework.
This is the period of the final formation of internal organs: lungs, bronchi. The location of the ribs changes, the weight and volume of the heart increase. The respiratory rate decreases and the pressure increases. Due to these changes, the child is less likely to get sick inflammatory diseases respiratory system, as well as SARS.
The change of milk teeth to permanent ones begins. The diet should be as varied and complete as possible.

Early Childhood Development

The emphasis is on developing:

• Rumor
• vision,
• concentrations,
• tactile perception,
• Motility ( including small ones).

• distinguish colors,
• distinguish sounds,
• Distinguish the shapes
• Distinguish sizes.

Early Development Benefits

2. Laces. They are very different, suitable even for the smallest. They are made of plastic, soft materials, wood. They perfectly develop fine motor skills of the hands, prepare the child for future “adult” activities, and also activate the brain. The simplest laces are large wooden fruits with holes - moves and worms attached to them with laces. Even a baby who has not reached the age of one can cope with such lacing. More complex options are large buttons, they can be used for yearlings, and very complex options are a picture to which the missing details should be attached using laces ( like a mushroom cap),

3. Montessori aids. These allowances are designed for children from two years of age. Many different benefits have been created for the development of different qualities and abilities of the child. For example, for the development of motor skills and coordination, there is " pink tower"- ten cubes of the same pink color of different sizes. The size of the edges is 1 - 10 cm. It is used most often after three years. " Frames with clasps» - a variety of fasteners, ties, Velcro, snaps, buttons are attached to wooden frames. This will help facilitate the process of dressing, as well as teach you to concentrate, improve motor skills,

4. Benefits can be made with your own hands from items that are in every home. For example, if you fasten several matchboxes together, the baby will be happy to close and open them, hide small items in drawers. You can give the child one jar and several different lids so that he chooses the right size. Tubes from old felt-tip pens can be divided into several parts and strung on twine or fishing line.

Many experts warn that loading a child with exact knowledge too early ( reading, writing, languages, computer activities…) can interfere with the harmonious development of the brain. Since all of the above activities contribute to the development of the right hemisphere. The left, which is responsible for creativity, imaginative thinking, begins to develop actively only after 5 years. Overloading the right hemisphere can adversely affect the development of the left.

Child development systems

2. Montessori Method
It is based on the assertion that it is not necessary to interfere with the development of the baby, it is necessary to create the best conditions for this, in which everyone will take what he is interested in. You should not show an example of actions, but only push the child to the desired decision or action. The technique allows the child to become an independent person. The technique involves the use of a large number of benefits and auxiliary items that can be made with your own hands from simple household objects.

3. Nikitin's technique
Its basis is a large number of educational games that make kids think, set themselves more complex tasks. According to this technique, the parent is required to participate in all classes. More emphasis is placed on the development of logical thinking, so it is advisable to combine Nikitin exercises with exercises from other developmental techniques.

Games for the development of children

2. A train. For children 18 - 24 months. Children learn to move at the same time and perform joint actions, to be independent. You need to play with at least two children. The parent is the locomotive, and the children are the wagons of the locomotive. You should move slowly at first, then faster, in a circle or in a rectangle. When moving, you should make characteristic movements with your hands and say " choo-choo»,

3. Kolobok. For children 18 - 36 months. The game allows you to strengthen the muscles, spine, relax. Toddlers must imagine that they are koloboks. Lying on their backs, they raise their arms up, stretch their legs and roll to the right, after which they roll to the left. The parent at this time says a nursery rhyme: “ here the bun rolled. Rolling, rolling, don't catch up with him»,

4. Draw a picture. For children from 12 to 36 months. The parent draws the beginning of a simple picture, for example, a cloud, and the child must complete the missing elements ( rain or sun),

5. Multicolored snowballs. For children from 12 to 36 months. Make two or three dense snowballs, bring home and quickly paint in different colors. You can cut the snowballs with a dull knife and show the baby how the paint is absorbed into the snow,

6. Fishing. For babies up to 12 months. Collect a basin of water, float small light objects. Give the kid a sieve and ask him to catch all floating objects with a sieve,

7. Collect a puddle. For children from 12 to 36 months. Place two shallow containers in front of the child: one empty, the other with water. Give him a sponge and ask him to transfer all the water with the help of a sponge from a full container to an empty one and try not to “lose” water along the way.

Here is the definition of the term of interest to us, for example, Anna Rapoport: “Early development is the intensive development of a child’s abilities in early age(from 0 to 2–3 years). Why, then, are these words sometimes perceived so negatively? It is likely that the answer lies on the surface: the whole point is that the concept of "early development" involves numerous discrepancies and interpretations.

Early development is called as opposed to traditional. In European culture, to which we also belong, due to certain historical and social reasons, there is a tendency for children to study rather late - about 7 years old. Therefore, educational programs for children of younger (3–4 years old) and middle (4–5 years old) preschool age are perceived as early development.

Within the framework of developmental psychology development can be classified as premature, timely and late. What is precocious development? These are attempts to teach a child what he is not able to understand and master due to insufficient physical development and lack of the necessary stock of knowledge. For example, teaching a newborn to sit. What is late development? This is the desire to form the knowledge and skills that should have already been formed by a certain age. For example, start learning to read after 7–7.5 years, when the productivity of any study drops sharply. Considering all of the above, every sane person should find timely, or normal, development attractive, i.e. development that corresponds to the age indicators and individual characteristics of a particular child.

Another misunderstanding of the words "early development" is the identification of development and learning. Classical education in our education system is associated by many with a school desk, “drilling in” knowledge, cramming and similar things. This is what often motivates the harm of early development. Of course, no reasonable parent wants such a fate for their child, especially starting from the most tender age. However, development and learning should not be confused. Early development is not only and not so much preparation for school. First of all, this is the development of basic mental functions: attention, imagination, memory, logical and spatial thinking, the ability to analyze and generalize. This is the creation of some information environment that is interesting for the baby, which will become a solid foundation for further successful learning.

Some practitioners working with preschoolers categorically oppose such a definition as early development, considering it to distort the very essence of the concept of “development”.

It is unlikely that anyone will argue that all children, without exception, need timely development. but modern science does not stand still, and what was considered correct 100 years ago is no longer relevant today.

Pedagogy and physiology

As scientists have found, any child is born with great potential: a newborn has 300% more connections between nerve cells than an adult, and all his sensory areas (responsible for information coming from the senses) and both hemispheres are connected to each other. This means that when you talk to a child, show him something, shake it, his senses act as a whole. A few months after birth, those connections between nerve cells that did not have time to strengthen disappear, and most of the nerve cells left without connections to other neurons die. That is why it is so important to start developing the child as early as possible.

But is it really necessary to actively develop connections between nerve endings? The fact is that the brain of a little man contains a trillion cells, of which 100 billion are represented by neurons connected in a network - the foundation for the development of intelligence, creativity, emotions, consciousness and memory. Enhanced brain development occurs in the first six years of life, and what will result from a small child is determined precisely by these years.

For a full life of a child, it is very important to develop all the senses. This happens when they are exposed to various stimuli. In nature, everything is natural and consistent: first, some parts of the brain develop, which then stimulate the further development of others. Different periods in the life of an infant are directly related to the gradual formation of brain regions. Each such stage takes some time, more or less the same for all children. This feature human body Maria Montessori noted in her time, describing sensitive periods, i.e. periods of special susceptibility of children to certain types of activities, ways of emotional response and behavior in general.

Having painted the sensitive periods by age, we get the following picture.

Starting from birth, it is a sensitive period of mastering self-control. In the first months of a baby's life, when he cries and is picked up, the first nerve connections (excitation - inhibition) are established and the beginnings of self-control are formed.

From 6 months to 3 years:

• sensitive period of language acquisition (appearance of words and sentences);
• sensitive period of love for order (reaches a peak at 3 years).

sense of order- not a conscious, but a physiological need of the child. This means that the baby gets used to the established way of life and negatively perceives any changes in it. For example, he may refuse to eat if his chair is slightly moved. In children under 1 year old, the desire for order is expressed in crying when a stranger appears in the house.

From 1.5 years- sensitive period of perception of small objects (placement of beads in a vase with a narrow neck).

About 2 years t is the sensitive period of the ability to "enter the group".

First, the ability to play in dyads (pairs) is formed, and only closer to preschool age - communication in a group of peers.

2 to 4 years- a sensitive period of repetition of geometric shapes, which leads to a better study of mathematics (geometric shapes, sizes, divisions).

2 to 5 years– sensitive period of control and honing of movements. The baby has a natural desire to walk along the line, it is easy to teach him to use the toilet, brush his teeth. All movements must be in the zone of the practical life of the child (pouring grains and sand, pouring liquids, etc.).

From 2.5 years- a sensitive period of vocabulary expansion.

2.5 to 6 years- sensitive period of susceptibility to sensory impressions. The child develops the ability to refine all feelings (for example, he very easily catches small differences).

3 to 7 years old- sensitive period of perception of music and rhythm. During this period, music and mathematics are perceived by the same part of the brain - the right hemisphere works. At the same time, intuition develops.

3.5 to 4.5 years- a sensitive period for tracing letters with a finger, preparation for writing.

4.5 to 5 years- sensitive period of explosive activity in relation to writing.

Starting from the age of 5, the desire for order is slowly declining.

5 to 6 years old- sensitive period of transition from writing to reading.

From the age of 6, the left side of the brain turns on and causal consciousness arises.

6.5 to 7 years- a sensitive period that reveals a passion for grammar (playing with word order, building them up, playing with parts of speech, etc.).

As you can see, sensitive periods do not follow each other alternately in a smooth sequence. At a certain age, the child may be “grounded” for learning several activities at once. If you miss this favorable moment, then it will be much more difficult to catch up. According to M. Montessori, for individual sensitive periods, time is set aside from several days to weeks, and it is impossible to compensate for it in the future.

Existing methods

Let us dwell in more detail on specific methods of early development, their main ideas and differences.

Education system American physiotherapist Glenn Doman It is built on the principle of compensatory organism: by stimulating one of the sense organs, one can achieve a sharp increase in brain activity as a whole. G. Doman devoted his life to the treatment and rehabilitation of children with various brain injuries. For 15 years, working with seriously ill patients, he achieved amazing results and made a number of amazing discoveries: for example, in cases where the process of development and growth of the brain is stopped or slowed down, it turned out that it can be made to work by influencing it through any of the available channels. receiving information (sight, hearing, touch). Doman also found that the process of growth and development of the brain can be strengthened and accelerated.

Teaching reading according to the Doman system is based on the visual-figurative thinking of the child and is built mainly on visual perception. The information necessary for assimilation is located on special cards with words that are written in very large print. Cards at a fast pace are presented to the child with a loud pronunciation of the written words. At the same time, children are taught to crawl, hang on bars and stimulate their motor activity in various ways.

According to Doman, when the child turns 1 year old, in parallel with physical development one must begin to develop mathematical, linguistic and other abilities. In particular, teaching mathematics according to the method of G. Doman consists in showing the child cards with large red dots (five pieces each) and loudly calling their number. The use of dots instead of numbers is due to the fact that the child can feel the real number, and not an abstract symbol.

At the heart of the methodology of early development, developed Italian physician Maria Montessori are based on two fundamental principles. The first is the interest of the child himself, and the second is an individual approach to him by an adult. Faced with the problem of the upbringing and development of children with disabilities, Maria Montessori came to the conclusion that dementia is more a pedagogical problem than a medical one, and it should be solved in kindergartens and schools.

At the beginning of his life, the child has a natural desire for movement: he wants to master the space in order to get to know the things around him more closely and be able to deal with them meaningfully.

M. Montessori suggests giving the baby the opportunity to do this as early as 2.5–3 years old by arranging in a certain sequence all kinds of cups, trays, sponges and brushes, sticks and cubes, beads and rods, cards and boxes.

Equipment in size and comfort should be selected according to the strength and height of the child. And in order for the activity to be beneficial, the teacher (adult), seeing the child’s interest in certain materials, gives the child a short (2–3 minutes) lesson, during which he shows how to handle objects in order to achieve results.

The little researcher is invited to accept only one clear rule: take it, work it - put it back. Maria Montessori generally believes that the order is organic for the child, but he still does not know how to organize it on his own. The main task of an adult is to help children learn to focus on an activity that is interesting for them. Hence the motto of Montessori pedagogy, "Help me do it myself." In developing games, specially selected materials are used - various insert frames, laces, containers with loose fillers, toys with clasps, etc. They are an integral part of the so-called pedagogical "preparatory environment", which encourages the child to show the possibilities of his own development through amateur activities that correspond to his individuality.

Maria Montessori urges not to accelerate the development of children, but also not to miss the moment, discovering what is needed here and now. She selects exercises from practical life, while some of them come from everyday household chores.

Along with individual exercises, the child participates in activities together with other children. This helps the baby become aware of the process of movement in a group, such as walking in a line. Other group activities, such as conversations and role-plays, help the child learn social behaviors.

The main idea of ​​early development Cecile Brai-Lupan is that only parents are capable of a sincere interest in the child and for the baby they are the best teachers. Teaching methods for the child, as well as knowledge in general, are offered to him upon the fact of the emergence of interest, taking into account natural inclinations. By combining the spiritual component - sincere interest in the baby, love for him and attention to his needs - with elements of the Glenn Doman methodology, S. Lupan tries to in the best possible way develop the intelligence of a child and at the same time raise him to a psychologically healthy person, revealing the secrets of his own motherhood in the book "Believe in your child".

In his methodology, S. Lupan pays great attention to such things as teaching newborns to swim. She has compiled entire programs for teaching history, geography, art history and drawing, music and other areas of knowledge for toddlers and preschoolers. Based on the recommendations of S. Lupan, any parent will be able to independently draw up a development program for their child.

Nikitin's technique is a system of educational games designed for children to play together with their parents. For the most part, these games are presented in the form of puzzles aimed at recognizing and completing patterns, i.e. on the development of logical and figurative thinking.

Innovative teachers Boris and Lena Nikitin are the parents of seven children. They came up with and tested on their children a new system of recovery.

Their main invention - the so-called Nikitinsky games - have a large degree of variability, i.e. You can customize them for yourself, for your level, for your interests. Each game is a set of tasks that the child solves with the help of cubes, bricks, squares made of cardboard or plastic, details from the designer, etc.

Teaching reading according to the method of N. Zaitsev is based on the principle of warehouse reading. A warehouse is a pair of a consonant sound with a vowel or a consonant with a hard or soft sign, or one letter. Using such warehouses, the child begins to form words. These are the warehouses that Zaitsev wrote on the faces of the cubes. He made the cubes different in color, size and ringing they create. This helps children to feel the difference between vowels and consonants, voiced and soft sounds.

The method of teaching mathematics proposed by the author is based on a system of tables that immerse the child in the world of numbers and clearly show him what number consists of what, what properties it has and what actions can be performed with it.

How not to overdo it?

And yet, the explanation of the term “early development” as the development of a child up to 1 year seems to be closest to the truth.

The early development of a child up to 1 year old is a specially created environment filled with interesting and unusual objects for the study of the senses. This is unlimited physical activity, supported by specially equipped corners, giving the baby the opportunity to better and earlier master his body and learn to feel safer. These are constant walks, conversations, reading books, friendly attention and caring support from parents. Early development is also an active position of the mother in relation to the child in the first years of life.

Of course, there are many stereotypes in terms of raising children, so I also want to dwell on the dangers of misunderstanding early development. Erroneous beliefs lead to such dangers, on which we will dwell in more detail.

All excesses in the understanding of early development can be conditionally attributed to two extreme positions: categorical rejection and fanatical enthusiasm. Let's start in order. So…

• Early development is a fashionable innovation that has many unexplored negative consequences. The ideas of early development are by no means new: some techniques are over 100 years old. Scientists from many countries (Japan, USA, Russia, Italy, Germany, France, etc.) are constantly studying this phenomenon. For example, in Italy it is M. Montessori, in the USA it is G. Doman, in Japan it is Masaru Ibuka, in Germany it is Yaroslav Koch.

• Toddlers who are engaged in early development develop faster than their peers.

Such children develop faster than if they were not engaged with them! Each individual child has its own developmental timeline. Of course, there are age norms, but the dynamics in the individual development of each baby is determined by comparing his today with him, only yesterday! Parents do not need to assess the "development" of their child in relation to other children, and even more so to draw such categorical parallels. It’s just that a child whose developmental environment is thoughtfully and specially organized by adults has much more opportunities for research, comparison and new experiences, which give impetus to “accelerated” development. Therefore, the pace of early development for these babies is different.

• "We want (don't want) to have a child prodigy."

Most likely, this statement either hides the unwillingness of parents to devote time to their child, or the consequences of how they themselves were “terrorized” by their parents - by all sorts of unloved circles and sections. The purpose of early development is not to "cultivate" geniuses.

The opposite point of view - the desire to raise a child prodigy at all costs - is obviously also harmful to the harmonious development of the child. Because it reveals exorbitant parental ambitions and an attempt to fulfill oneself at the expense of the baby, to embody in him what we once failed to do ourselves.

• Early development can overload a child's brain and lead to serious health problems later on.

The brain of a little fidget is equipped with a system of "fuses": in a situation of emotional or informational overload, it simply "turns off" - this is how the self-preservation instinct works, which most of us, unfortunately, lose with age. If the baby begins to act up, get distracted, yawn, show signs of impatience - this is a sure sign that it's time to rest.

• Early development is the usual education programs that are offered to children at an earlier age.

The basis of early development is the stimulation of the cognitive activity of the baby. This technique has nothing to do with classical learning systems. A special developing environment is created around the child, filled with interesting objects for study, stimulating all the senses. In such an environment, the baby has the opportunity to intensively study the world around him and satisfy his innate research interest. All learning is done through games. The main condition is the interest of the child himself.

• Early development "steals" a carefree childhood from a child.

This statement carries a misunderstanding of the main idea of ​​early development: everything should be unobtrusive, playful. No hammering, no violence! The child does only what he wants, what he is interested in. And the task of parents is to expand his interests by offering a choice of a lot of exciting things and activities, and to catch the moment when the child is interested in one thing.

The desire to learn, to learn something new is necessary for a little man like air. This is his main goal in the first years of life. Without this innate ability, he will never become a full member of society. So why not support and develop the natural desire, why not give the crumbs the information that interests him? And let him take what is most important to him at the moment. If classes with a child are carried out without coercion in the form of an exciting game, if they bring joy and benefit to the baby and parents, what kind of stolen childhood is there? The question "Why does he need it in principle?" disappears by itself.

In fact, the deeply philosophical opinion that the child “knows what and when he needs for normal development” turns into indifference to the child and his needs, and even a formal attitude towards him on the part of the parents. Here I would like to remind you that without the timely help of an adult who creates the conditions necessary for the development of the child, the intellectual and psycho-emotional level of the baby may remain very low.

• Almost all methods of early development are very time-consuming, they require significant time from parents to study them and produce didactic materials.

The most difficult problem that does not have a single solution is indeed the problem of time. However, not everything is so simple, and its solution largely depends on the ability of adults to organize their time. Spend half an hour, not one and a half, preparing dinner, and devote a free hour to communicating with the baby. Invite a grandmother or a housekeeper to clean the house, and in the free hour, glue and write the necessary materials and games. There would be a desire, but there will be time!

Development Rules

Before you decide on the development system that is right for you, it is worth remembering a few simple rules:

Explore those early development techniques that you find interesting. Check with your pediatrician, early development specialists.

Gather information from various sources and try to think critically, double-checking the accuracy of the proposed facts. If you decide to enroll your child in a preschool specializing in early development, find out his reputation and rating in the informal forums in your city.

Do not overload the child, chasing results! You should also not rush from one extreme to another, dramatically changing the baby's lifestyle. The main task of early development is a healthy, harmonious and happy childhood.

Try to ensure that activities for the development of the child do not contradict, but complement each other. You should also not rush from one extreme to another, dramatically changing the baby's lifestyle.

Enter any games and activities according to the principle “from very simple to simple, from simple to more complex, and then to very complex.” Be sure to take into account the degree of interest and joy of the child.

Always praise the child (for interest, for diligence, etc.), even if something does not work out for him the first time.

To begin with, let's take it as an axiom that all children are different. And this difference depends on innate properties nervous system: how quickly nerve cells increase or decrease activity, how long they can be in a state of tension, how quickly they switch between different processes. We are accustomed to call a set of these properties "temperament". It cannot be influenced, it is biologically determined and depends on nutrition, stress, disease and genetic predisposition. By the way, about genetics. Representatives of this science often state that the behavior and personality of people are almost 80% dependent on hereditary predisposition and this cannot be corrected by upbringing. Well, one can argue endlessly what influences the development of a child more: genes or the immediate environment. But all discussions on this topic boil down to one simple thought: you need to take into account what is given by nature, and develop what is possible. That is, if the baby is calm and melancholy, likes to quietly collect the designer, you should not push him into the theater studio and sculpt an eccentric extrovert out of him with all his might.

What then can be educated? Habits, behavior, attitude towards other people and towards oneself. The ability to understand, regulate and express their emotions, set goals and achieve results. Only now it is desirable to realize their pedagogical talents before the child turns 7 years old. Because around this age, all the systems of the brain will be formed in him. And in the future, adults will only be able to influence the values ​​and attitudes of a growing person. Therefore, we propose to hand over smart books to the library and pay more attention to the baby - after all, he himself will show how he develops. And we will show you exactly what and how to educate.

The logic of child development

From birth, the baby develops rapidly according to a biologically programmed program: physically and mentally. Up to three years, this program is quite specific, and parents should help the child to pass it. This, in fact, is education at this stage.

Physical development. Children learn to move. Up to six months - to crawl, up to about a year and a half - to walk, by the age of two they master all types of movement. They deftly hold onto the walls of the crib with their hands - of course, to get out of it. At first, they simply grab toys, and by the age of three they learn more precise movements - for example, to hold a fork and a spoon in their hands. After four years, they begin to experiment with pleasure - dance rap and lambada, run, jump, stand on their heads and perform other acrobatic studies. So the kids master the coordination of complex movements. By the way, that is why it is recommended to send children to dance and sports sections closer to five years. Before that, they will still not be able to perform any special exercises.

Intellectual development. Intellect and thinking are developing at a frantic pace. First of all, memory. Its volume in babies is grandiose! Still, there are so many things to keep in mind: what mom, dad, room, toys and all the objects that surround the house look like. Children are great at remembering numbers and letters. It may seem to parents that the child has learned to read or count, but this is not so. The kid just remembered the combination of sounds and pictures. In general, there is no need to rush the child and teach him to read and write. Until the age of three, a small person first of all learns to move himself and evaluate objects and their properties: a plastic cube is square and light, a metal ball is round, smooth and cold. The ball can be rolled, the cubes can be stacked on top of each other. Already a fairy tale!

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To learn to read and count, a child must understand what symbols are. The ability to perceive metaphors occurs after three years, closer to 4-5. This moment is easy to track by watching the baby play. When an element of fantasy appears in games, this is a sure sign. If an ordinary stick has become a saber or a police baton, hooray, it's time to show the letters.

The role of parents. The main task during this period is simply to observe the child, understand what he wants, and help him achieve these goals. Mom, dad, grandmother or aunt, that is, any adult who is often nearby, can support the baby. This does not mean that you have to constantly monitor every movement of the little explorer. It is necessary to help him solve the evolutionary tasks of development. For example, until the child has learned to walk, the mother becomes his main means of transportation: she picks her up and shows everything that interests her. The kid wants to touch the violets on the windowsill - dad allows it. He does not understand how to assemble the pyramid, - the grandmother explains.

And as our children get older, they face new challenges. For example, 6-year-old preschool children still do not know how to set goals and achieve them, observe a daily routine, and manage their emotions. All this is done by parents: for them and with them. And they teach the most important things that will come in handy in life. For example, like this...

perseverance

This quality means that a child can do something from start to finish, whether it's coloring a picture or building a house out of blocks. Only here is the problem: children under 3 years old do not know how to set goals at all, and up to 7 years old - only very short-term ones. Because they live here and now. And, apparently, therefore they are the happiest creatures in the world.

How to educate. Use children's interest in the process. Guess what a child can do endlessly? Of course, play. Preschool children learn the world through games. So if you manage to turn any business into entertainment, the child himself will not notice how he does everything. Agree, it is strange to expect zeal from a baby in what he is not at all interested in. It comes much later!

Attentiveness

Attention as a mental process is the ability to focus on one thing for a long time: look at toys, listen to a lullaby performed by grandmother, look at and compare pictures to find ten differences, and later - the ability to read, understand the task in the textbook and complete it.

How to educate. Very easy. You just need to offer the child no more than one goal at a time. Hanging mobiles and garlands around the crib, laying out a bunch of toys, we only scatter his attention. Show the baby no more than three simple objects, and they should differ in a maximum of two signs: color, shape. The child will look at them and compare them even more willingly if something happens to these objects. First, turn them in your hands yourself, then let the child touch and gnaw. Again, you need to arouse curiosity - to show what you can do with this wonderful thing. And later it will be replaced by interest - it will further strengthen attention.

Love for reading

Modern parents dream of raising children who would read books, and not play toys on the tablet. So they begin to teach the alphabet to three-year-olds. And they make a mistake. Yes, the child will remember the letters. And yes, even an illiterate adult can be taught to read and write in a week. But an adult understands that there is a meaning behind the symbol. In children, this understanding is formed along with the development of thinking, after four years, as we wrote above. Therefore, it is necessary not to teach to read, but to instill a love of reading.

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How to educate. Very young children, in principle, are interested when an adult reads aloud to them. This means that mom or dad is nearby, paying attention. Closer to two years, when memory develops, the child finds a new interest: to memorize favorite fairy tales. It torments parents, makes them read the same thing dozens of times. He will immediately notice and will certainly correct if they paraphrase at least something (they said “crystal slipper”, not “crystal slipper”). No need to suggest new books - learn by heart stories that your baby likes.

And only closer to the age of three does the young literary critic develop an interest in the content of the book. What are the heroes? What are they doing? Why do they do it this way or that way? Here it is time to use the imagination: the child loves when parents compose additional stories about characters, buy toys, find books with a sequel. Closer to school, you can read in the evenings with the whole family - in turn, one chapter at a time, books that will be of interest to everyone: "Chuk and Gek" and "Deniska's stories", for example.

And of course, over time, the child will become interested in the books of his parents. Therefore, it is not bad if adults in your family also like to read. And not just social media...

industriousness

Concentrated to do something not very interesting, as you already understood, it is difficult for children. But there is good news: the love of work arises by itself, at the age of 3-4 years. And, unfortunately, many adults do not notice this, do not help the child develop it. Don't repeat their mistakes. Try to pay attention when your son or daughter is happy to get involved in any household chores: sweeping, washing dishes, dusting. They do this in order to be near and spend time with you, but they have the illusion that they are helping. This is what you need to support!

How to educate. Do not say: “Go play while I wash the dishes,” but invite the little moidodyr to participate. He will learn to hold a plate, foam a sponge. Yes, the dishes will have to be washed for an hour. But all this time you are engaged with the child, and you don’t have to rack your brains about what educational games to take a bored child. Because in the process of washing dishes, the most important thing develops - the ability to do different work with your hands.

And even talent!

Talent is a combination of abilities, interest and ability to work. Of course, abilities are largely biologically determined: they depend on how the sense organs have developed - hearing, vision, sensations. But interest and the ability to work are components of talent that can and should be developed.

How to educate. Just be attentive to what the child does well and what he likes. And, of course, help him set short-term goals in order to maintain interest in regular classes. After all, even the brightest abilities can remain unclaimed if they are not seen and flavored with a generous portion of diligence.

And parents, of course, want their children to be obedient. Well, with the right upbringing they will. And obedient in a good way: not those who blindly follow commands, but those who are understood. It is important to see what the child is ready and not ready for and not to demand the impossible. When mom and dad are attentive to their child, they themselves become the best educators in the world.

Popular

Child development

"...Child development - physical, mental, spiritual, social, emotional and moral development..."

A source:

LAW of the city of Moscow dated 04.06.1997 N 16

"ON THE ORGANIZATION OF WORK ON CUSTODIA, CUSTODIA AND PATRONAGE IN THE CITY OF MOSCOW"

Official terminology. Akademik.ru. 2012 .

See what "Child Development" is in other dictionaries:

CHILD DEVELOPMENT- Subdivision of child psychology. The key word here is development, which means that the focus is on aspects of physiology, cognition and behavior that show qualitative and quantitative changes as the child develops from ... ...

motor development of children- (development of movements of the child, motor development of the child) the process of qualitative modification of the system of movements of the child as he grows and accumulates individual experience. At the time of birth, the child does not have fully prepared mechanisms ... ...

development- The essence of cultural development ... lies in the fact that a person masters the processes of his own behavior, but a necessary prerequisite for this mastery is the formation of a personality, and therefore the development of a particular function is ... Dictionary L.S. Vygotsky

Development Insufficient, Backlog In Development (Failure To Thrive (Ftt))- insufficient development of the child in comparison with the average development of children in a given society. It is revealed by regularly determining the appropriate parameters and plotting a child's development chart. A developmental delay in a child can be ... ... medical terms

INSUFFICIENT DEVELOPMENT, LAG IN DEVELOPMENT- (failure to thrive (FTT)) insufficient development of the child compared to the average development of children in a given society. It is revealed by regularly determining the appropriate parameters and plotting a child's development chart. Lag in…… Explanatory Dictionary of Medicine

DEVELOPMENT- 1. The sequence of changes throughout the life span of the organism. This is a meaning that was originally introduced in psychology; in the first decades of the 20th century, it was believed that the field of developmental psychology was the study of the entire ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Psychology

development of perception- a qualitative modification of the processes of perception as the organism grows and the accumulation of individual experience, its process and result. Characteristically, the most significant changes in perception occur in the first years of a child's life. Wherein… … Great Psychological Encyclopedia

DEVELOPMENT OF MOVEMENTS OF THE CHILD- (English motor development in children). Unlike the young of many animals, by the time of birth, a child is not provided with ready-made, hereditarily fixed mechanisms for regulating movements. However, even during the period of embryonic development, muscle ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

MEMORY DEVELOPMENT- (English memory development) occurs in connection with the overall development of the child. Already at the 1st month of life, they are detected conditioned reflexes, in which elementary sensory impressions, movements, emotional ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

personal development- the process of a natural change in personality as a systemic quality of an individual as a result of his socialization. Possessing natural anatomical and physiological prerequisites for the formation of personality, in the process of socialization, the child interacts ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

Books

• , Alexander Galanov. Child development from 3 to 5 years - educational and play set for parents. Inside you will find: a development calendar, guidelines, sets of useful games for physical and… Buy for 855 UAH (Ukraine only)
• Child development from 3 to 5 years (set of 5 books), A. S. Galanov. "Child development from 3 to 5 years" - educational and play set for parents. Inside you will find: development calendar; guidelines; sets of useful games for physical and…

In this article, we will talk about the pros and cons of early childhood development classes.

What is early child development?

Today in every city you can see schools and centers that are engaged in the early development of the child. But not everyone understands what the concept of "early development of children" means. It took the basis from the definition of "early childhood" - this is the age of the baby from 1 to 3 years, although some also refer to it as the period of infancy up to 1 year.

Early development is an organized process of teaching a child under the age of 3, which allows him to gain certain knowledge, master new skills necessary for a successful growing up process.

Misconceptions about early childhood development.

Of course, many people think that studying at the center is useful for their child, where he learns something new and improves his intellectual level. But since many do not know how the training and upbringing process takes place, certain myths are formed.

Fallacy 1. Children's centers teach a certain skill (drawing, reading, counting, singing, etc.).

In fact, teachers are engaged in a comprehensive education of the child: they teach him speech, mathematics, creativity, and a variety of activities allows you to maintain interest in kids, which positively affects their development.

Fallacy 2. For training, specially developed methods are used.

The development of children involves not only learning, children can gain new knowledge and skills through games, reading fairy tales and even simple communication.

Fallacy 3. Attending an early development school deprives a child of childhood, it is not necessary, since he will be taught everything in kindergarten and at school.

This opinion is completely wrong. In such centers, children get an excellent opportunity to study in a friendly atmosphere, communicate with peers, special games are held there so that the baby does not get bored. Children do not perceive the center as a place for learning, for them it is a circle where they can have fun.

Why is early childhood development so important?

It is believed that in the first year of life, the child's brain develops by about 50%, and by the age of three - already by 80%. That is why the baby needs training at this age. The task of early development is not to teach him to read or count, but to develop his natural abilities. At this age, learning consists in improving memory, concentration, attention and observation.

Early development will help the child in later life: it will be easier for him to learn, he will quickly adapt to external conditions and it will be easier to find a common language with peers.

Should I send my child to an early childhood development center?

An excellent option would be to visit the school of early development of the baby together with the parents. The child will feel supported, will not be afraid of new people. Then gradually, having become accustomed, the baby will be able to stay in the classroom without a mother. It's no secret that a child who spends time constantly only alone with his mother, then it is more difficult to communicate with other people. When children who have not attended school go to kindergarten, they are very worried, often crying and asking to go home to their mother.

In the center, the child gradually begins to get used to new people, to communication. the child, as a rule, pass several times a week for 1-2 hours. Such a schedule will be comfortable for the baby, he will gradually get used to spending time without his mother, so after that he will quickly adapt in the kindergarten.

For the good development of the child, he needs attention: spend time with the baby, play educational games, communicate more often, take classes to the early development center, where he can communicate with peers and gain new knowledge.