Theoretical legal and applied metrology. Definition of metrology as a science. Modern theoretical concepts of national security

09.12.2021Heading: Kinds

Metrology- the science of measurements, methods and means of ensuring their unity and ways to achieve the required accuracy. This definition is given by all Russian normative legal acts ranging from GOST 16263-70 to the recently adopted recommendations of RMG 29-2013.

The International Vocabulary of Metrology (VIM3) gives a broader definition of the term "metrology" as the science of measurement and its application, which includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement, regardless of their uncertainty and field of use.

Reference. GOST 16263-70 “GSI. Metrology. Basic terms and definitions ”was in effect from 01.01.1971, replaced from 01.01.2001 by RMG 29-99 with the same name.
RMG 29-2013 "GSI. Metrology. Basic terms and definitions "- Recommendations for interstate standardization (introduced from 01.01.2015 instead of RMG 29-99). They have been updated and harmonized with the VIM3-2008 dictionary (3rd edition). Its full name is the International Dictionary of Metrology: Basic and General Concepts and Related Terms.

In simple terms, metrology deals with the measurement of physical quantities that characterize all kinds of material objects, processes or phenomena. Her area of interest includes the development and practical application of measuring technologies, tools and equipment, as well as tools and methods for processing the information received. In addition, metrology provides legal regulation of the actions of official structures and individuals, one way or another related to the performance of measurements in their activities, studies and systematizes historical experience.

The very word "metrology" comes from the Greek words "metron" - measure and "logos" - doctrine. At first, the doctrine developed in this way, as the science of measures and ratios between various values of measures (used in different countries), and was descriptive (empirical).

Measuring new modern quantities, expanding the ranges of measurements, increasing their accuracy, all this contributes to the creation of the latest technologies, standards and measuring instruments (SI), the improvement of ways of comprehending nature by man, the knowledge of the quantitative characteristics of the surrounding world.

It has been established that at present there is a need to measure more than two thousand parameters and physical quantities, but so far, on the basis of the available means and methods, measurements are being made of about 800 quantities. Mastering new types of measurements remains an urgent problem today. Metrology absorbs the latest scientific achievements and occupies a special place among technical sciences, because for scientific and technological progress and their improvement, metrology must be ahead of other fields of science and technology.

Not a single technician can do without knowledge of metrology (about 15% of social labor costs are spent on measurements). No industry can function without its own measurement system. It is on the basis of measurements that technological processes are controlled, quality control of manufactured products. According to experts in the advanced industrial countries, measurements and related operations are estimated at 3 - 9% of the gross national product.

Goals and objectives of metrology

The goals of metrology as a science are to ensure the uniformity of measurements (OIE); extraction of quantitative information about the properties of an object, the surrounding world, about processes with a given accuracy and reliability.

The goals of practical metrology are metrological support of production, i.e. the establishment and application of scientific and organizational foundations, technical means, rules and regulations necessary for the OIE and the required accuracy of measurements.

Metrology objectives:

implementation of state policy at the OEI;
development of a new and improvement of the current regulatory and legal framework of the OEI and metrological activities;
the formation of units of quantities (EB), systems of units, their unification and recognition of legality;
development, improvement, maintenance, comparison and application of state primary measurement standards of units of quantities;
improvement of methods (measurement principles) of transferring units of measurement from the standard to the measured object;
development of methods for transferring the sizes of units of quantities from primary and working measurement standards to working SI;
maintaining the Federal Information Fund for OEI and providing the documents and information contained therein;
provision of public services for OEI in accordance with the scope of accreditation;
establishment of rules, regulations for carrying out checks of measuring instruments;
development, improvement, standardization of methods and measuring instruments, methods for determining and increasing their accuracy;
development of methods for assessing errors, state of measuring instruments and control;
improvement of the general theory of measurements.

Reference. Previously, the metrology objectives were formulated in GOST 16263-70.

In accordance with the tasks set, metrology is subdivided on theoretical, applied, legal and historical metrology.

Theoretical or fundamental metrology is engaged in the development of theory, problems of measurement of quantities, their units, measurement methods. Theoretical metrology works on common problems that arise when making measurements in a particular area of technology, the humanities, or even at the junction of many, sometimes the most diverse areas of knowledge. Metrologists-theorists can deal, for example, with the issues of measuring linear dimensions, volume and gravity in n-dimensional space, develop methods for instrumental assessment of the radiation intensity of cosmic bodies in relation to the conditions of interplanetary flights, or create completely new technologies that make it possible to increase the intensity of the process, the level of accuracy and its other parameters, improve the technical means involved in it, etc. One way or another, almost any undertaking in any activity begins with a theory and only after such elaboration does it move into the sphere of concrete application.

Applied or Practical Metrology deals with issues of metrological support, practical use of theoretical metrology developments, implementation of legal metrology provisions. Its task is to adapt the general provisions and theoretical calculations of the previous section to a clearly defined, highly specialized production or scientific problem. So, if it is required to assess the strength of the motor shaft, calibrate a large number of bearing rollers, or provide, for example, comprehensive metrological control in the process of laboratory research, practitioners will choose the appropriate technology from a large number of already known ones, rework, and possibly supplement it in application to these conditions will determine necessary equipment and tools, the number and qualifications of personnel, as well as discuss many other technical aspects of a specific process.

Legal metrology establishes mandatory legal and technical requirements for the use of standards, units of quantities, methods and measuring instruments aimed at ensuring the uniformity of measurements (OUU) and their required accuracy. This science was born at the intersection of technical and social knowledge and is designed to provide a unified approach to measurements performed in all areas without exception. Legal metrology also directly borders on standardization, which ensures the compatibility of technologies, measuring instruments and other attributes of metrological support both at the domestic and international levels. The area of interests of legal metrology includes work with measurement standards, and issues of verification of measuring instruments and equipment, and training of specialists, as well as many other issues. The main legal document regulating activities in this area is the Law Russian Federation N 102-FZ "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements" dated June 26, 2008. The regulatory framework also includes a number of by-laws, provisions and technical regulations that specify the legal requirements for certain areas and types of activities of lawyers-metrologists.

Historical metrology is designed to study and systematize the units and systems of measurement used in the past, technological and instrumental support for monitoring the parameters of physical objects and processes, historical organizational and legal aspects, statistics and much more. This section also examines the history and evolution of monetary units, traces the relationship between their systems, formed in different societies and cultures. Historical metrology studies in parallel with numismatics monetary units already because in the period of the inception of measurements as such, the elementary foundations of methods for assessing value and other parameters that are completely unrelated to monetary calculations largely repeated each other.

On the other hand, historical metrology is not a purely social branch of science, because often with its help, lost, but, nevertheless, relevant today, measuring technologies are restored, the development paths are tracked in the past experience and promising changes in this area are predicted, new ones are developed. engineering solutions. Often, progressive methods for assessing any parameters are the development of already known ones, revised taking into account the new possibilities of modern science and technology. The study of history is necessary to work with measuring standards in relation to their development and improvement, to ensure the compatibility of traditional and promising methods, as well as to systematize practical developments in order to use them in the future.

Excerpts from the history of the development of metrology

For converting all kinds of measurements, timing, etc. mankind needed to create a system of various measurements, allowing to determine the volume, weight, length, time, etc. Therefore, metrology, as a field of practical activity, originated in antiquity.

The history of metrology is a part of the history of the development of reason, productive forces, statehood and trade; it matured and improved along with them. So already under the Grand Duke Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich in Russia, the "exemplary measure" - the "golden belt" of the prince began to be applied. The samples were kept in churches and monasteries. Under the Novgorod prince Vsevolod, it was ordered to compare measures annually, for failure to comply, punishment was applied - up to the death penalty.

The "Dvinskaya gramota" of 1560 by Ivan the Terrible regulated the rules for storing and transferring the size of bulk substances - the octopus. The first copies were in the orders of the Moscow state, temples and churches. The work on the supervision of the measures and their verification were carried out at that time under the supervision of the Pomerna Hut and the Great Customs.

Peter I allowed English measures (feet and inches) to be circulated in Russia. Tables of measures and relationships between Russian and foreign measures were developed. The use of measures in trade, in mining mines and factories, in mints was controlled. The Admiralty Board took care of the correct use of measures, goniometric devices, compasses.

In 1736, the Commission for Weights and Measures was formed. The initial measure of length was a copper yardstick and a wooden fathom. The pound gilded bronze weight is the first legalized state standard. Iron arshins were made by order of Queen Elizabeth Petrovna in 1858.

On May 8, 1790 in France, the meter is adopted as a unit of length - one forty-millionth part of the earth's meridian. (It was officially introduced in France by decree of December 10, 1799)

In Russia in 1835 the standards of mass and length were approved - platinum pound and platinum fathom (7 English feet). 1841 - the year of the opening of the Depot of Model Weights and Measures in Russia.

On May 20, 1875, the Metric Convention was signed by 17 states, including Russia. International and national prototypes of the kilogram and meter have been created. (It is on May 20 that the Day of the Metrologist is celebrated).

Since 1892, the Depot of Exemplary Weights and Measures was headed by the famous Russian scientist D.I. Mendeleev. The era of Mendeleev in metrology is usually called the period from 1892 to 1918.

In 1893, on the basis of the Depot, the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures, the Metrological Institute, was established, where tests and verification of various measuring instruments were carried out. (Mendeleev headed the Chamber until 1907). At present it is the All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology named after D.I. Mendeleev.

On the basis of the Regulations on Weights and Measures of 1899, 10 more test tents were opened in different cities of Russia.

The 20th century, with its discoveries in mathematics and physics, turned M into a science of measurements. Today, the state and formation of metrological support largely determines the level of industry, trade, science, medicine, defense and development of the state as a whole.

The metric system of measures and weights was introduced by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated 09/14/1918 (from which the "normative stage" in Russian metrology began). Joining the International Metric Convention took place in 1924, as well as the creation of a committee for standardization in Russia.

1960 - the "International System of Units" was created. In the USSR, it began to be used in 1981 (GOST 8.417-81). 1973 - the State System for Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements (GSI) was approved in the USSR.

1993: the first law of the Russian Federation "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements", the laws of the Russian Federation "On standardization" and "On certification of products and services" were adopted. Liability was established for violation of legal norms and mandatory requirements of standards in the field of uniformity of measurements and metrological support.

	Metrology is the science of measurements, methods and means of ensuring the uniformity of measurements and how to achieve the required accuracy, as well as the area of knowledge and type of activity associated with measurements.
	Theoretical metrology is a branch of metrology that deals with basic research, the creation of a system of units of measurement, physical constants, the development of new measurement methods
	Applied (practical) metrology deals with the practical application of the results of theoretical research in the field of metrology
	Legal metrology includes a set of rules and regulations that have the rank of legal provisions and are under the control of the state. These rules and regulations ensure the uniformity of measurements.
	Unity of measurements is a state of measurements in which their results are expressed in legalized units and measurement errors are known with a given probability. Uniformity of measurements is necessary in order to be able to compare the results of measurements performed in different places, at different times, using different methods and measuring instruments
	Metrological supervision is a technical and administrative activity of competent persons and authorities, the purpose of which is to monitor compliance with metrological laws and regulations.

A person is born without a name yet, but his height and weight immediately become known. From the first minutes of his life he has to deal with a ruler, scales, thermometer. The search for the relationship between the measured quantity and the unit of this quantity is measurement. Measurement is not limited to physical quantities, but any imaginable entity can be measured, such as the degree of uncertainty, consumer confidence, or the rate at which the price of beans falls.

Measurement in physics and industry is the process of comparing physical quantities of real objects and events. Standard objects and events are used as units of comparison, and the result of comparison is represented by at least two numbers, where one number shows the relationship between the measured value and the unit of comparison, and the second number estimates the statistical uncertainty, or measurement error (in a philosophical sense). The unit of length, for example, can be the length of a person's foot (feet), and the length of a boat can be expressed as the number of feet. Thus, a measurement is a comparison with a standard. Measures are the standard for measurements. Determination of the quantitative characteristics of an object by measurement is based on the existence of explicit or implicit measures. If I say I'm 20, I am specifying the measurement without specifying the applicable standard. I can imply that I am 20 years old. In this case, the measure is the year.

The history of the development of measurements is one of the sections of the history of science and technology. The meter was standardized as a unit of length after the French Revolution, and has since been adopted in most countries of the world. The Russian Federation uses the metric system of measurements. We are used to kilograms, liters and centimeters. But the metric system that we use is a little over a hundred years old. On May 21, 1875, it was approved in France and became mandatory for all states. In many countries, ancient measures of weight, length and volume are still used today. The United States and the United Kingdom are in the process of moving towards the SI system.

The measurement of many quantities is very difficult and imprecise. Difficulties can be associated with uncertainty or limited measurement time. It is very difficult to measure, for example, a person's knowledge, emotions and feelings.

Metrology deals with the study of measurements. It permeates all spheres of human activity, reflects the development of science and technology, relationships between business entities, interstate relationships and, in general, indicates the level of civilization.

The main task of metrology is to ensure the uniformity of measurements, which has always been the most important state function.

Metrology arose as the science of various measures and the relationships between them. The word metrology is formed from two Greek words: "metron" - measure and "logos" - teaching, which can literally be translated as "teaching about measures."

Measurements are one of the most important ways of understanding nature, give a quantitative characteristic of the world around us, help to reveal the laws operating in nature. DI Mendeleev, emphasizing the importance of measurements for science, wrote that "science begins as soon as they begin to measure ... exact science is inconceivable without measure."

Measurements are of great importance in modern society. They make it possible to ensure the interchangeability of units and parts, improve technology, labor safety and other types of human activity, product quality.

The range of quantities to be measured is determined by the variety of phenomena that a person has to face. For example, the need to measure length, area, volume, weight, mechanical, thermal, electrical, light and other quantities.

Comparison of an empirically measured quantity with another, similar to it, taken as a unit, constitutes the general basis of any measurements.

The branch of science that studies measurements is metrology.

Metrology is the science of measurements, methods and means of ensuring their unity and ways to achieve the required accuracy; it is one of the links in the chain between science and production.

In metrology, the following main tasks are solved: the development of a general theory of measurement of units of physical quantities and their systems, the development of methods and measuring instruments, methods for determining

At present, in an age of accelerated scientific and technological progress, this concept has been significantly expanded, since only by ensuring high quality measurements and control can high quality products be achieved. In this case, one should also take into account the legal and economic aspects of metrological activity. Currently, metrology is subdivided into sectors: construction, medical, quantum, sports, etc. However, all are characterized by common principles, and in many cases common methods and techniques.

Measurements are one of the most ancient occupations in human cognitive activity. Their emergence refers to the origins of the material culture of mankind.

In ancient times, people got along only by counting homogeneous objects - heads of cattle, the number of soldiers, and the like. Such an account did not require the introduction of the concept of a physical quantity and the establishment of conventional units of measurement. There was no need for the manufacture and use of special technical means for the account. However, with the development of society, it became necessary to quantify various quantities - distances, weights, sizes, volumes, and so on. They tried to reduce this assessment to a score, for which natural and anthropological units were selected. For example: time was measured in days, years; linear dimensions - in elbows, feet; distances - in steps, days of the way.

Throughout its development, mankind has been faced with the need to determine and evaluate the characteristic properties of objects and phenomena that surrounded it. Moreover, if at first the number of these properties was limited, and knowledge about them was elementary (length, mass, time), then over time and the development of science and technology, information about them has sharply increased both quantitatively and qualitatively.

Later, in the process of industrial development, special devices were created - measuring instruments designed to quantify various quantities. This is how clocks, scales, measures of length and other measuring devices appeared.

Science and industry cannot exist without measurements. Every second, billions of measurement operations are performed in the world, the results of which are used to ensure the proper quality and technical level of products, to ensure safe and trouble-free operation of transport, for medical and environmental diagnoses and other important purposes. There is practically no sphere of human activity where the results of measurements, tests and control are not intensively used. To obtain them, many millions of people and large financial resources are involved. Approximately 15% of social labor is spent on taking measurements. According to experts, from 3 to 6% of the gross national product (GNP) of the advanced industrial countries is spent on measurements and related operations.

The basis of any form of management, analysis, forecasting, planning, control or regulation is reliable information that can be obtained only by measuring the required physical quantities, parameters and indicators. And it is natural that only high and guaranteed accuracy of measurement results ensures the correctness of the decisions made. Modern science and technology make it possible to perform numerous and accurate measurements, but the costs for them become commensurate with the costs of executive operations.

In the building materials industry and the construction complex, in the manufacture of products (on technological lines) and the installation of building structures (on construction sites), control and measuring operations are especially important, on the reliability of which both the quality of products and the safety of human life depend. Therefore, for students of technological and construction specialties, knowledge of the basics of metrology is necessary.

At a certain stage in its development, measurements became the cause of the emergence of metrology. For a long time, the latter existed as a descriptive science, stating the agreements that had developed in society on the measures of the quantities used. The development of science and technology has led to the use of many measures of the same values used in different countries. So, the distance in Russia was measured in versts, and in England - in miles. All this significantly hampered cooperation between states in trade and science.

In order to unify the units of physical quantities, to make them independent of time and various kinds of accidents, a metric system of measures was developed in France. This system was built on the basis of a natural unit - a meter, equal to one forty-millionth part of the meridian passing through Paris. A kilogram was taken as a unit of mass - the mass of a cubic decimeter of pure water at a temperature of + 4 ° C. The Constituent Assembly of France on March 26, 1791 approved the proposals Paris Academy sciences. This was a serious prerequisite for the international unification of units of physical quantities.

In 1832 K. Gauss proposed a method for constructing systems of units of physical quantities as a set of basic and derived quantities. He built a system of units called absolute, in which three arbitrary, independent units were taken as a basis: length - millimeter, mass - milligram and time - second.

In 1835 Russia issued a decree "On the System of Russian Weights and Measures", which approved the standards of length (platinum fathom) and mass (platinum pound). In 1842, on the territory of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg, in a specially constructed building, the first metrological institution in Russia was opened - the Depot of Exemplary Weights and Measures. It kept standards and their copies, made exemplary measures for transfer to other cities, compared Russian measures with foreign ones. The activities of the Depot were regulated by the "Regulations on Weights and Measures", which laid the foundation for the state approach to ensuring the uniformity of measurements in the country. In 1848, the first book on metrology, "General Metrology", written by F.I. Petrushevsky. This work describes the measures and banknotes of various countries.

In 1875, seventeen states, including Russia, at a diplomatic conference signed the Metric Convention, which is currently joined by 41 countries of the world. According to this convention, international cooperation of the signatory countries is established. For this, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), located in the city of Sevre near Paris, was created. It contains international prototypes of a number of measures and standards of units of some physical quantities. In accordance with the convention, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) was established to govern the activities of the BIPM, which included scientists from various countries. Currently, there are seven advisory committees under the CIPM: on units, definition of meter, second, thermometry, electricity, photometry and on standards for measuring ionizing radiation.

D.I. did a lot for the development of domestic metrology. Mendeleev. The period from 1892 to 1917 is called the Mendeleev stage in the development of metrology. In 1893, on the basis of the Depot of Model Weights and Measures, the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures was approved, the manager of which was D.I. Mendeleev until the last days of his life. It became one of the first metrological research institutions in the world.

Until 1918, the metric system was introduced in Russia as an option, along with the old Russian and English (inch) systems. Significant changes in metrological activity began to take place after the signing by the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of the decree "On the introduction of an international metric system of measures and weights." The introduction of the metric system in Russia took place from 1918 to 1927. After the Great Patriotic War and to this day, metrological work in our country is carried out under the guidance of the State Committee for Standards (Gosstandart).

In 1960 the XI International Conference on Weights and Measures adopted the International System of Units of Physical Quantities - the SI system. Today the metric system is legalized in more than 124 countries around the world.

Metrology is divided into three independent and mutually complementary sections, the main of which is "Theoretical Metrology". It sets out general questions of the theory of measurements. The section "Applied Metrology" is devoted to the study of issues of practical application in various fields of activity of the results of theoretical research. The final section "Legal metrology" examines complexes of interrelated and interdependent general rules, requirements and norms, as well as other issues that need regulation and control by the state, aimed at ensuring the uniformity of measurements and uniformity of measuring instruments.

The subject of metrology is the extraction of quantitative information about the properties of objects and processes with a given accuracy and reliability. Metrology means are a set of measuring instruments and metrological standards that ensure their rational use.

Academician B.M. Kedrov proposed the so-called "triangle of sciences", at the "peaks" of which are the natural, social and philosophical sciences. According to this classification, metrology falls on the side of "natural - Social sciencies"This is due to the fact that the social significance of the results obtained by metrology is very high. For example, the negative consequences of unreliable measurement results in some cases can be catastrophic. It is also legitimate to place metrology on the side of" natural - philosophical sciences. " metrology for the theory of knowledge.

Speaking about the "place" of any science in the system of sciences, B.M. Kedrov pointed out: "A place in the system of sciences expresses itself, firstly, the totality of all connections and relations between a given science and the sciences directly in contact with it, and through them with more distant from it, therefore, with the entire sum of human knowledge; this answers consideration of the issue from its structural side; secondly, a certain stage of development scientific knowledge, reflecting the corresponding stage of development of the external world itself, and thereby the presence of transitions between this science and those directly adjacent to it in the general range of sciences; this answers the consideration of the issue from its historical or genetic side. "No science can do without measurements, therefore metrology as a science of measurements is closely related to all other sciences.

The basic concept of metrology is measurement. According to GOST 16263, measurement is finding the value of a physical quantity experimentally using special technical means. The significance of measurements is expressed in three aspects: philosophical, scientific and technical.

The philosophical aspect is that measurements are the most important universal method of understanding physical phenomena and processes. In this sense, metrology as a science of measurements occupies a special place among other sciences. The possibility of measurement is due to the preliminary study of a given property of the measurement object, the construction of abstract models of both the property itself and its carrier - the measurement object as a whole. Therefore, the place of measurement is determined not among the primary (theoretical or empirical) methods of cognition, but among the secondary (quantitative) ones that ensure the reliability of the measurement. With the help of secondary cognitive procedures, the tasks of data formation (fixing the results of cognition) are solved. Measurement from this point of view is a method of coding information obtained using various methods of cognition, i.e. the final stage of the cognition process, associated with the registration of the information received.

The scientific aspect of measurements is that with their help in science, the connection between theory and practice is carried out. Verification is impossible without measurements scientific hypotheses and, accordingly, the development of science.

Measurements provide quantitative information about the object of management or control, without which it is impossible to accurately reproduce all specified conditions of the technical process, to ensure high quality products and effective management of the object. All this constitutes the technical aspect of measurements.

As in any science, in metrology it is necessary to formulate the basic concepts, terms and postulates, to develop the doctrine of physical units and methodology. This section is especially important in view of the fact that specific concepts underlie individual measurement areas and, theoretically, the areas develop in isolation. Under these conditions, the insufficient development of the basic concepts forces us to solve similar problems, which, in fact, are common, anew in each area.

Basic concepts and terms. This subsection deals with the generalization and clarification of the concepts that have developed in certain areas of measurement, taking into account the specifics of metrology. The main task is to create a unified system of basic concepts of metrology, which should serve as a basis for its development. The significance of the system of concepts is determined by the significance of the measurement theory itself and by the fact that this system stimulates the interpenetration of methods and results developed in individual areas of measurement.

Metrology postulates. This subsection develops the axiomatic construction of the theoretical foundations of metrology, identifies such postulates on the basis of which it is possible to build a meaningful and complete theory and derive important practical consequences.

The doctrine of physical quantities. The main task of the subsection is to build a unified system of physical quantities, i.e. the choice of the basic quantities of the system and the equations of communication to determine the derived quantities. The system of physical quantities serves as the basis for constructing a system of units of physical quantities, the rational choice of which is important for the successful development of the theory and practice of metrological assurance.

Measurement methodology. The subsection develops the scientific organization of measuring processes. The issues of metrological methodology are very important, since it unites measurement areas that are different in the physical nature of the measured quantities and measurement methods. This creates certain difficulties in the systematization and integration of concepts, methods and experience accumulated in different areas measurements. The main areas of work on the methodology include:

1) rethinking the foundations of measuring technology and metrology in the context of a significant renewal of the arsenal of methods and measuring instruments and the widespread introduction of microprocessor technology;

2) structural analysis measuring processes from a systemic point of view;

3) development of fundamentally new approaches to the organization of the measurement procedure.

The theory of the uniformity of measurements (The theory of reproduction of units of physical quantities and the transfer of their sizes) - this section is traditionally central in theoretical metrology. It includes: the theory of units of physical quantities, the theory of initial measuring instruments (standards) and the theory of transferring the sizes of units of physical quantities.

The theory of units of physical quantities. The main purpose of the subsection is to improve the units of physical quantities within the existing system of quantities, which consists in the refinement and redefinition of units. Another task is the development and improvement of the system of units of physical quantities, i.e. changes in the composition and definitions of basic units. Work in this direction is carried out constantly on the basis of the use of new physical phenomena and processes.

Theory of initial measuring instruments (standards). This subsection discusses the issues of creating a rational system of measurement standards for units of physical quantities that provide the required level of uniformity of measurements. A promising direction for improving standards is the transition to standards based on stable natural physical processes. For the standards of basic units, it is fundamentally important to achieve the highest possible level for all metrological characteristics.

The theory of transferring the sizes of units of physical quantities. The subject of this subsection is the algorithms for transferring the sizes of units of physical quantities with their centralized and decentralized reproduction. These algorithms should be based on both metrological and technical and economic indicators.

The theory of construction of measuring instruments. The section summarizes the experience of specific sciences in the field of constructing measuring instruments and methods. In recent years, the knowledge accumulated in the development of electronic instruments for measuring electrical and especially non-electrical quantities has become increasingly important. This is due to the rapid development of microprocessor and computer technology and its active use in the construction of measuring instruments, which opens up new possibilities for processing the results. An important task is the development of new and improvement of known measuring transducers.

Measurement accuracy theory. This section of metrology summarizes the methods developed in specific areas of measurement. It consists of three subsections: the theory of errors, the theory of the accuracy of measuring instruments and the theory of measuring procedures.

The theory of errors. This subsection is one of the central in metrology, since the measurement results are objective to the extent that their errors are correctly estimated. The subject of the theory of errors is the classification of measurement errors, the study and description of their properties. The historically established division of errors into random and systematic, although it causes fair criticism, nevertheless continues to be actively used in metrology. The recently developed description of errors based on the theory of non-stationary random processes can be considered as a well-known alternative to such a division of errors. An important part of this subsection is the error summation theory.

The theory of the accuracy of measuring instruments. The subsection includes: the theory of errors of measuring instruments, principles and methods for determining and standardizing the metrological characteristics of measuring instruments, methods for analyzing their metrological reliability.

The theory of errors in measuring instruments has been developed in most detail in metrology. Considerable knowledge has also been accumulated in specific areas of measurements, on their basis, general methods for calculating the errors of measuring instruments have been developed. At present, due to the increasing complexity of measuring instruments, the development of microprocessor-based measuring devices, the task of calculating the errors of digital measuring instruments in general and measuring systems and measuring and computing complexes in particular has become urgent.

The principles and methods for determining and standardizing the metrological characteristics of measuring instruments are well developed. However, they require modification taking into account the specifics of metrology and, first of all, a close connection between the determination of the metrological characteristics of the measuring instrument and their standardization. Determination of dynamic characteristics of measuring instruments and calibration characteristics of primary measuring transducers should be referred to the number of not fully solved problems. With the improvement of means for processing electrical measuring signals, the most significant metrological problems are concentrated around the choice of the primary converter. Due to the variety of principles of operation and types of measuring instruments, as well as increasing the required measurement accuracy, the problem of choosing the standardized metrological characteristics of measuring instruments appears.

The theory of metrological reliability of measuring instruments in its target orientation is associated with the general theory of reliability. However, the specificity of metrological failures and, above all, the variability in time of their intensity make it impossible to automatically transfer the methods of the classical theory of reliability to the theory of metrological reliability. It is necessary to develop special methods for analyzing the metrological reliability of measuring instruments.

Theory of measuring procedures. The increase in the complexity of measuring tasks, the constant growth of requirements for the accuracy of measurements, the complication of methods and measuring instruments cause research aimed at ensuring the rational organization and effective performance of measurements. Wherein the main role the analysis of measurements as a set of interrelated stages plays, i.e. as procedures. The subsection includes the theory of measurement methods; methods of processing measurement information; measurement planning theory; analysis of the limiting possibilities of measurements.

Theory of measurement methods is a subsection devoted to the development of new measurement methods and modification of existing ones, which is associated with the growth of requirements for measurement accuracy, ranges, speed, measurement conditions. With the help of modern measuring instruments, complex sets of classical methods are implemented. Therefore, the traditional task of improving existing methods and studying their potential capabilities, taking into account the conditions for implementation, remains relevant.

Measurement planning theory is an area of metrology that is actively developing. Its main tasks include clarification of the metrological content of measurement planning problems and substantiation of borrowing mathematical methods from the general theory of experiment planning.

The analysis of the limiting possibilities of measurements at a given level of development of science and technology makes it possible to solve such a main problem as the study of the limiting accuracy of measurements using specific types or specimens of measuring instruments.

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Introduction

1. Subject of metrology

3. Legal metrology

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Measurements are one of the most important ways of human cognition of nature. They play a huge role in modern society.

The range of measured values and their number is constantly growing. So, for example, the length is measured from 10 ^ (- 10) to 10 ^ 17 m, temperature - from 0.5 to 10 ^ K, electrical resistance - from 10 ^ -6 to 10 ^ 17 Ohm, electric current - from 10 ^ - 16 to 10 ^ 4 A, power - from 10 ^ -15 to 10 ^ 9 W. As the range of measured values grows, so does the complexity of measurements. They, in fact, cease to be a one-act action and turn into a complex procedure for preparing and conducting a measurement experiment, processing and interpreting the information received. Therefore, one should talk about measuring technologies, understood as a sequence of actions aimed at obtaining measuring information of the required quality.

Another reason for the importance of measurements is their relevance. The basis of any form of management, analysis, forecasting, planning, control or regulation is reliable initial information that can be obtained only by measuring the required physical quantities (PV), parameters and indicators. And it is natural that only high and guaranteed accuracy of measurement results ensures the correctness of the decisions made. Modern science and technology make it possible to perform numerous and accurate measurements, but the costs for them become commensurate with the costs of executive operations.

An important task of metrology is the creation of PV standards, tied to physical constants and having ranges required for modern science and technology. The sum of expenditures of industrial countries for the functioning of standards and services for the transfer of unit sizes is as follows: the United States and Japan spend for these purposes about 0.004% of GNP, or $ 240 million; large European countries- 0.006% GNP; in some rapidly developing countries in Asia, these costs reach 0.01% of GNP.

Cooperation with foreign countries, joint development of scientific and technical programs require mutual trust in measuring information. Its high quality, accuracy and reliability, uniformity of principles and methods for assessing the accuracy of measurement results are of paramount importance.

1. Subject of metrology

The generally accepted definition of metrology is given in GOST 16263-70 “GSI. Metrology. Terms and definitions ": metrology is the science of measurements, methods, means of ensuring their unity and ways to achieve the required accuracy. The Greek word "metrology" is derived from the words "metron" - measure and "logos" - teaching.

The basic concept of metrology is measurement. According to GOST 16263-70, measurement is finding the value of a physical quantity (FB) empirically using special technical means. The significance of measurements is expressed in three aspects: philosophical, scientific and technical.

The philosophical aspect is that measurements are the most important universal method of understanding physical phenomena and processes. In this sense, metrology as a science of measurements occupies a special place among other sciences. The possibility of measurement is due to the preliminary study of a given property of the measurement object, the construction of abstract models of both the property itself and its carrier - the measurement object as a whole. Therefore, the place of measurement is determined not among the primary (theoretical or empirical) methods of cognition, but among the secondary (quantitative) ones that ensure the reliability of the measurement. With the help of secondary cognitive procedures, the tasks of data formation (fixing the results of cognition) are solved. From this point of view, measurements are a method of coding information obtained using various methods of cognition, i.e. the final stage of the cognition process, associated with the registration of the information received.

The scientific aspect of measurements is that with their help in science, the connection between theory and practice is carried out. Without measurements, it is impossible to test scientific hypotheses and, accordingly, the development of science.

2. The structure of theoretical metrology

As noted above, theoretical metrology is the main branch of metrology. Its structure is presented in the form of a diagram in Fig. 1.1. (Appendix 1)

Theoretical metrology is a branch of metrology, the subject of which is the establishment of mandatory technical and legal requirements for the use of units of physical quantities, the development of the fundamental foundations of metrology.

Basic concepts of metrology. As in any science, in metrology it is necessary to formulate the basic concepts, terms and postulates, to develop the doctrine of physical units and methodology. This section is especially important in view of the fact that

The individual measurement areas are based on specific concepts and, theoretically, the areas develop in isolation. Under these conditions, the insufficient development of the basic concepts forces us to solve similar problems, which, in fact, are common, anew in each area.

Basic concepts and terms. This subsection deals with the generalization and clarification of the concepts that have developed in certain areas of measurement, taking into account the specifics of metrology. The main task is to create a unified system of basic concepts of metrology, which should be the basis for its development. The significance of the system of concepts is determined by the significance of the measurement theory itself and by the fact that this system stimulates the interpenetration of methods and results developed in individual areas of measurement.

1. The true value of the determined physical quantity exists and it is unambiguous.

2. It is impossible to find the true value of the measured physical quantity.

The true value of a physical quantity is such a value that would ideally characterize the corresponding physical quantity in qualitative and quantitative terms, i.e. the true value of a physical quantity can be correlated with the concept of absolute truth.

In practice, they talk about the actual value of a physical quantity - this is the value of a physical quantity obtained experimentally and is so close to the true value that it can be used instead of it in problems.

The accuracy of measurements is the degree to which the measurement results of a physical quantity are close to a certain actual value of a physical quantity.

The doctrine of physical quantities. The main task of the subsection is to build a unified PV system, i.e. the choice of the basic values of the system and communication equations for constructing a system of PV units, a rational choice that is important for the successful development of the theory and practice of metrological assurance.

Types and methods of measurements. Measurement of a physical quantity is a set of operations on the use of a technical means storing a unit of a physical quantity, providing for finding the ratio of the measured quantity with its unit and obtaining the value of this quantity.

The scale of a physical quantity is an ordered set of values of a physical quantity that serves as the initial basis for measuring a given quantity (temperature scale). In measurement theory, there are five main types of measurement scales:

1. Scales of names (classification). This is the simplest type of scales, based on assigning numbers to the qualitative properties of objects, which play the role of names. There is no concept of zero in the scales. There is no concept of more or less. Unit of measurement is missing. Example: plant reference book.

2. Scale of order, scale of ranks. They are characterized by the relation of equivalence and order in ascending or descending order. In order scales, you cannot enter a unit of measure. For example: earthquake scale.

3. Scale of intervals or scales of difference These scales are a kind of scales of order and are used for objects whose properties satisfy equivalence and order relations. For example: the volume of a body is equal to the volume of its dimensions. The interval scale consists of equal intervals, has a unit of measurement and an arbitrarily chosen origin - the zero point. Example: temperature scale.

4. Ratio scales they describe the properties to which the relation of equivalence, order, summation, subtraction, multiplication is applicable.

Measurement types:

1. Direct, indirect, aggregate - this is when several quantities of the same name are measured

2. Joint - when the measurement of two or more, but not the same quantities is carried out.

Direct measurements can be carried out by the following methods:

1. Method of direct assessment.

2. Method of comparison with measure.

3. Completion method - when the value of a measurable quantity is supplemented by a measure of the same quantity so that the comparison device is affected by their sum equal to a predetermined value.

4. Differential method (method of difference) - characterized by the measurement of the difference between the measured value and the known value of the reproduced accurate or standard measure. This method makes it possible to obtain a result of high accuracy when using relatively coarse measuring instruments.

5. Zero method, similar to differential, but the difference between the measured value and the measure is reduced to zero.

Measurement methodology. The subsection develops the scientific organization of measuring processes. The issues of metrological methodology are very important, since it unites measurement areas that are different in the physical nature of the measured quantities and measurement methods. This creates certain difficulties in systematizing and combining concepts, methods and experience accumulated in various fields of measurement. The main areas of work on the methodology include:

1. Reconsideration of the foundations of measuring technology and metrology in the context of a significant renewal of the arsenal of methods and measuring instruments and the widespread introduction of microprocessor technology;

2. Structural analysis of measuring processes from a systemic point of view;

3. Development of fundamentally new approaches to the organization of the measurement procedure.

Theoretical metrology.

Basic concepts of metrology:

Basic concepts and terms;

Metrology postulates;

The doctrine of physical quantities;

Measurement methodology.

The theory of the uniformity of measurements. (The theory of reproduction of units of physical quantities and transmission of their sizes):

- theory of units of physical quantities;

- theory of initial measuring instruments (standards);

- the theory of transferring the sizes of units of physical quantities.

The theory of constructing measuring instruments:

Measuring instruments;

Measurement methods.

Measurement accuracy theory:

Theory of measurement errors;

Theory of accuracy of measuring instruments (Theory of errors of measuring instruments, principles and methods of standardization and determination of metrological characteristics of measuring instruments, theory of metrological reliability of measuring instruments)

Theory of measurement procedures (theory of measurement methods, methods of processing measurement information, theory of measurement planning, analysis of the limiting possibilities of measurements)

The theory of the uniformity of measurements. (The theory of reproduction of units of physical quantities and transmission of their sizes.) This section is traditionally central to theoretical metrology. It includes: the theory of PV units, the theory of initial measuring instruments (standards) and the theory of transferring the sizes of PV units.

The theory of units of physical quantities. The main purpose of the subsection is the improvement of the PV units within the existing system of quantities, which consists in the refinement and redefinition of units. Another task is to develop and improve the system of PV units, i.e. changes in the composition and definitions of basic units. Work in this direction is carried out constantly on the basis of the use of new physical phenomena and processes.

Theory of initial measuring instruments (standards). This subsection discusses the issues of creating a rational system of standards for PV units that ensure the required level of uniformity of measurements. A promising direction for improving standards is the transition to standards based on stable natural physical processes. For the standards of basic units, it is fundamentally important to achieve the highest possible level for all metrological characteristics.

The theory of transferring the sizes of units of physical quantities. The subject of this subsection is the algorithms for transferring the sizes of PV units during their centralized and decentralized reproduction. These algorithms should be based on both metrological and technical and economic indicators.

The theory of construction of measuring instruments. The section summarizes the experience of specific sciences in the field of constructing measuring instruments and methods. In recent years, the knowledge accumulated in the development of electronic SI of electrical and especially non-electrical quantities has become increasingly important. This is due to the rapid development of microprocessor and computer technology and its active use in constructing SI, which opens up new possibilities for processing the results. An important task is the development of new and improvement of known measuring transducers.

The theory of error in measuring instruments has been developed in most detail in metrology. Considerable knowledge has also been accumulated in specific areas of measurements, on their basis, general methods for calculating SR errors have been developed, the development of microprocessor-based measuring devices has become an urgent problem of calculating errors of digital SR in general and measuring systems and measuring and computing complexes in particular.

The principles and methods for determining and standardizing the metrological characteristics of measuring instruments are well developed. However, they require modification taking into account the specifics of metrology and, first of all, a close connection between the determination of the metrological characteristics of the measuring instrument and their standardization. Determination of the dynamic characteristics of the measuring instrument and the calibration characteristics of the primary measuring transducers should be attributed to the number of not fully solved problems. With the improvement of means for processing electrical measuring signals, the most significant metrological problems are concentrated around the choice of the primary conversion. Due to the variety of operating principles, the problem of choosing the standardized metrological characteristics of the measuring instrument appears.

The theory of metrological reliability of measuring instruments in its target orientation is associated with the general theory of reliability. However, the specificity of metrological failures and, above all, the temporal inconsistency of their intensity make it impossible to automatically transfer the methods of the classical theory of reliability to the theory of metrological reliability. It is necessary to develop special methods for analyzing the metrological reliability of measuring instruments.

Theory of measuring procedures. The increase in the complexity of measuring tasks, the constant growth of requirements for the accuracy of measurements, the complication of methods and measuring instruments cause research aimed at ensuring the rational organization and effective performance of measurements. In this case, the analysis of measurements as a set of interrelated stages plays the main role, i.e. as procedures. The subsection includes the theory of measurement methods; methods of processing measurement information; measurement planning theory; analysis of the limiting possibilities of measurements.

Theory of measurement methods is a subsection dedicated to the development of new measurement methods and modification of existing ones, which is associated with an increase in requirements for measurement accuracy, range, speed, and measurement conditions. With the help of modern measuring instruments, complex sets of classical methods are implemented. Therefore, the traditional task of improving existing methods and studying their potential capabilities, taking into account the conditions for implementation, remains relevant.

Measurement information processing methods used in metrology are based on methods borrowed from mathematics, physics and other disciplines. In this regard, the problem of justifying the choice and application of one or another method of processing measurement information and the correspondence of the required initial data of the theoretical method to those that the experimenter actually has is relevant. Measurement planning theory is an area of metrology that is actively developing. Its main tasks include clarification of the metrological content of measurement planning problems and substantiation of borrowing mathematical methods from the general theory of experiment planning. The analysis of the limiting possibilities of measurements at a given level of development of science and technology allows solving such a main problem as the study of the limiting accuracy of measurements using competitive types or copies of measuring instruments.

3. Legal metrology

Legal metrology is a section of metrology that includes complexes of interrelated and interdependent general rules, requirements and norms, as well as other issues requiring regulation and control by the state, aimed at ensuring the uniformity of measurements and uniformity of measuring instruments (GOST 16263).

The year 1993 can be considered a fundamental stage in the development of legal metrology in the Russian Federation, when the Law "On Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements" was adopted, which for the first time at the highest level established the basic norms and rules for managing metrological activities in the country.

The head institute in the Gosstandart system (now the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology of Russia) of Russia is VNIIMS - the institute carries out research and development on legal and methodological problems of ensuring the uniformity of measurements and the activities of the metrological service of Russia, serves as an information center of the State Standard of Russia in the field of metrology, participates in international cooperation in the field of legal metrology.

Research includes:

· Research and development in the field of public administration (regulation) of metrological activities in Russia;

· Research to improve the operation of the HMS and the development of metrological infrastructure.

Legal metrology is the youngest of the three constituent parts of metrology. It is a means of state regulation of metrological activity through laws and legislative provisions that are introduced into practice through the State Metrological Service and metrological services of state authorities and legal entities. The field of legal metrology includes testing and type approval of measuring instruments, their verification and calibration, certification of measuring instruments, state metrological control and supervision of measuring instruments.

Metrological rules and norms of legal metrology are harmonized with the recommendations and documents of the relevant international organizations. Thus, legal metrology contributes to the development of international economic and trade relations and promotes mutual understanding in international metrological cooperation.

A number of provisions of theoretical and practical metrology, aimed at ensuring the uniformity of measurements and uniformity of measuring instruments, need regulation and control by the state. These provisions include: the choice of basic physical quantities; establishing the size of basic units and the rules for the formation of derived units; a method of reproducing and transmitting information about the size of units; selection of standardized metrological characteristics of measuring instruments; setting standards for measuring accuracy and limiting the accuracy of measurements; selection of measurement techniques; activity of metrological services; organization of state metrological control.

In accordance with the principles of building the rule of law, the norms that protect the interests of the state and protect the rights of its citizens (metrological requirements refer precisely to this category of norms) should be established by an act having the force of law. In other words, basic metrological rules should be subject to law. In Russia, the general rules and requirements in the field of metrology are reflected in the Law of the Russian Federation of 27.04.93 No. 4871-1 "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements". Specific provisions in the field of legal metrology are regulated by ND - standards, rules, recommendations, etc.

A set of regulatory documents establishing rules, norms, requirements aimed at achieving and maintaining the uniformity of measurements in the country with the required accuracy constitutes the state system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements (GSP).

The regulatory framework for metrology can be represented as a hierarchical pyramid:

1) The RF Law "On Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements" is discussed in more detail in the next paragraph;

2) state standards (GOST, GOST R) of the GSP system;

3) the rules of Russia (PR) of the GSP system, approved by the State Standard. An example of rules is the document PR 50.2.006-94 “GSP. Verification of measuring instruments. Organization and procedure ";

4) recommendations (stamp "MI") of the GSP system, developed by metrological institutes as state metrological scientific centers and approved by the leadership of these centers. For example, MI 2277-93 “GSP. Measuring instruments certification system. Basic Provisions and Procedure for Carrying Out Work ".

In general, the GSI has more than 2,400 NDs (standards, rules, recommendations). 75% of the entire regulatory framework is made up of recommendations, which is explained by the possibility of their development in more short time and at a lower cost than standards (3-4 times and 2-3 times, respectively).

The main objects of regulation in the GSI are general rules and norms for metrology, state verification schemes, methods for verification of SI, MVI. In 1999, the development of the basic fundamental standard - GOST R 8.000 GSI "Basic Provisions" was carried out. In the next decade, mandatory documents of a general technical or methodological nature will be transferred to the rank of recommendations. First of all, this concerns ND for state verification schemes and ND for verification methods (except for ND used in the field of state metrological control and supervision).

4. Legal regulation of metrological activity

Metrological activity is very diverse and unique. Its theoretical basis is the science of metrology; the actual process of activity is determined by the concept of metrological support; and the regulation of relationships in this activity is assigned to the state function;

Ensuring the uniformity of measurements.

Metrological activity arose and developed as an activity of an applied nature, therefore, to a large extent, it naturally participates in general market relations, but its results must meet the special requirements of "uniformity of measurements"; due to this, metrological activity is the subject of legal regulation, the object of the influence of law.

As you know, law is a system of generally binding norms, on the basis of which certain relations are formed - legal relations. These norms are established by the state and ensured by its coercive force.

The state function (Fig. 4.1) requires state administration (Fig. 4.2). In turn, the control is implemented in a specific system. Such a system is a national measurement system that includes all participants in the measurement business - developers, manufacturers and users of measuring instruments. To achieve the uniformity of measurements, conditions are formed for the functioning of the "state system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements" (GSI). The most important link in this system is "legal metrology". Formally, this term means "a section of metrology, which includes complexes of interrelated and interdependent general rules, requirements and norms, as well as other issues that need regulation and control by the state, aimed at ensuring the uniformity of measurements and uniformity of measuring instruments" (GOST 16263) ... With the transition to the legislative principle of management of activities to ensure the uniformity of measurements, the semantic meaning inherent in this term has somewhat expanded. Today "legal metrology" claims to include all legislative framework ensuring the uniformity of measurements, in particular, these are the standards of units of quantities. In this case, there is no obvious contradiction, since the second half of the definition ("... other issues requiring regulation ... by the state ..."), of course, can be specified. At the same time, "... complexes of interrelated ... general rules, requirements and norms ..." still constitute the traditional basis of "legal metrology".

On June 1, 1993, the legislative power of Russia enacted the Law of the Russian Federation "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements", which became an act with the highest legal force in the areas of measurement. He established the regulation of the most important relationships. In these conditions, the specification of the main provisions of the Law is entrusted to the acts of lawmaking - by-laws or normative documents of legal metrology. In accordance with the provisions of jurisprudence, these documents are acts of executive authorities;

The basic principles for ensuring metrological control are established by international document No. 16 of the International Organization of Legal Metrology (MD No. 16 OIML "Principles for ensuring metrological control"). This document recommends that the following be included in the metrological control system:

Testing and type approval of measuring instruments;

Requirements for the installation of measuring instruments;

Verification both at the enterprise and at the site of operation;

A certain frequency of verification of measuring instruments after release from production;

Requirements for operating conditions,

Special requirements for the operator, for example, issuing an identity card;

Operational requirements such as collecting data and setting limits for items to be measured;

Requirements for maintenance personnel, for example, issuance of certificates, certification of test equipment and verification of original measuring instruments.

The choice of a strategy in organizing and conducting metrological control is carried out by officials who have the opportunity, with limited metrological resources, to use a policy of limited interference in the manufacturing and operation processes. At the same time, legal metrology, while ensuring the uniformity of measurements, should focus on issues of “compliance with regulations” rather than “provision of services”. Ultimately, the scope of metrological control in each specific case is commensurate with the requirements of the current legislation, with the constant threat of the application of legal sanctions by officials exercising metrological supervision.

In accordance with Art. 12 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements" (hereinafter - the Law) State metrological control includes;

type approval of measuring instruments;

verification of measuring instruments, including standards;

licensing the activities of legal entities and individuals for the manufacture, repair), sale and rental of measuring instruments.

You are advised to study the next metrological by-law PR 50.2.009-94 “GSI. Procedure for testing and type approval of measuring instruments ". These tests are carried out by state scientific metrological centers, accredited as state centers for testing measuring instruments. The tests are carried out according to specially designed programs that correspond to MI 2146-95 “GSI. The procedure for the development and content of test programs for measuring instruments for the purpose of approving their type. "

The result of these tests is (in case of positive results) the inclusion of the type of measuring instrument in the State Register of Measuring Instruments and the issuance of a state certificate of approval of the type of measuring instruments, the appendix to the certificate has a complete description of this type with all, p. metrological characteristics. At its core, this procedure and its results are aimed at the inclusion of a specific measuring instrument in the national measurement system with certain guarantees of metrological support performed by this measuring instrument.

Conclusion

metrology measurement normative

Science and industry cannot exist without measurements. Every second in the world, many billions of measuring operations are performed, the results of which are used to ensure the proper quality and technical level of manufactured products, to ensure the safe and trouble-free operation of transport, for medical and environmental diagnoses and other important purposes. There is practically no sphere of human activity where the results of measurements, tests and control are not intensively used. To obtain them, many millions of people and large financial resources are involved.

In this work, we have identified the basic concepts of theoretical and legal metrology. Gave a definition of the concept of metrology and formulations to its main terms. We studied two basic postulates of metrology. They also determined the structure of theoretical metrology, which briefly makes it clear that it studies this side of science and how important it is.

We presented the normative base of metrology in the form of a hierarchical pyramid. We examined the main state documents on the provision of measurements and control.

Metrology is one of the most important and versatile sciences, which is applied everywhere. An important task of metrology is the creation of PV standards, tied to physical constants and having the ranges necessary for modern science and technology and ensuring life in general. It is also important to understand the difference between theoretical and legal metrology and to know what each area is like, which we have defined in this work.

Bibliography

1. Sergeev A.G., Krokhin V.V. Metrology: Textbook for universities

2. General theory of law (under the editorship of AS Pigolkin). Ed. MSTU them. N.E. Bauman. Moscow 1996.

3. S.V. Klimenko, A.L. Chicherin. Foundations of state and law. Ed. "Mirror TEIS". Moscow, 1996

4. Basic terms in the field of metrology. Dictionary-reference book - M., Publishing house of standards. 1989

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