mass repressions in the USSR. Creation of Stalin's personality cult. mass repressions in the USSR Science. natural and exact sciences

The core on which the political system in the country was built in the 1920s-1930s was the Communist Party, which combined the party and state apparatus.

The party hierarchy was headed by I.V. Stalin, who in 1922 took the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), after which gradually concentrated unlimited power in his hands: 1) Stalin managed to win the internal party struggle for power, which unfolded after the death of V.I. Lenin between the leading party leaders (L.D. Trotsky, L.B. Kamenev, G.E. Zinoviev, N.I. Bukharin);

2) party power within the framework of the state-political system gave him absolute control over all the levers of managing society;

3) The top leaders of the party were subordinate to the General Secretary, who simultaneously occupied leading government posts in both federal and republican bodies. A separate privileged layer of the party-state bureaucracy was formed - the party nomenklatura. The one-party political system was strengthened by the resolution “On the Unity of the Party” adopted in 1921 at the 10th Congress of the RCP (b), which prohibited the open manifestation of opposition to the general line of the Central Committee.

An important link in the political system Soviet power continued to be the apparatus of violence - the Cheka, renamed in 1922 into the Main Political Directorate. The GPU monitored the mood of all sectors of society, identified dissidents, sent them to prisons and camps. The actions of the state security agencies in the 1930s became especially tough. after education People's Commissariat Internal Affairs (NKVD) and the murder of the head of the Leningrad communists S.M. Kirov.

Stalin used this occasion to fight his oppositionists, consolidate his own power, and instill an atmosphere of denunciation and fear.

The personality cult of Stalin as the leader of society became an element of totalitarianism in the 1930s. In the image of a wise, merciless to the enemies of the people, a simple and accessible leader of the party and the people, Stalin skillfully used his power and the mood of the masses. So, during the fabricated political cases, in particular the "Moscow trials", many shouted "Hurrah!" and demanded that the enemies of the people be punished.

Millions Soviet people who were involved in historical action, "Stakhanovites", "drummers", etc., were active supporters of the Stalinist regime.

In 1937–1938 political terror reached its highest proportions. But punitive actions were applied to "spies and saboteurs", "guilty", "disorganizers of production." In 1935, a law was passed on the punishment of family members of enemies of the people.

Tightening political regime in the country, however, did not prevent I.V. Stalin to do in the mid-1930s. conclusion about the victory of socialism in the country.

Legislatively, this provision was enshrined in the Constitution of 1936. According to this Constitution, the Soviets of Working People's Deputies formed the political basis of society.

The supreme body of power was proclaimed the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, consisting of two equal chambers: the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities.

The constitution fixed the federal structure of the country.

The policy of "hard hand" against those who oppose the official installation of the leadership, against dissidents, continued in the post-war period, right up to Stalin's death.

The forced modernization of the USSR economy, which took place in the 1930s, and in a hostile environment, objectively required a concentration of power.

The “socialist offensive along the entire front,” which began in the late 1920s and early 1930s, was accompanied by an intensive shake-up of party and Soviet cadres, the removal of Bukharin’s supporters and other persons objectionable to Stalin. In 1929, a purge of the party and the state apparatus unfolded. 138,000 employees, or 11% of those who had been purged, were dismissed from work. The number of disenfranchised people in cities increased to 8.5%. The rights of the OGPU were expanded.

As you know, mass collectivization caused peasant uprisings. The Russian white emigration tried to take advantage of this by sending its emissaries to the USSR to unite the peasant uprisings into a powerful force directed against the Soviet regime. In response, the OGPU authorities in 1930 abducted from Paris the head of the Russian All-Military Union, General A.I. Kutepov and launched mass arrests of former tsarist officers on the territory of the USSR, who, as a rule, served in good faith in the Red Army. Political trials were falsified in the case of the so-called Labor Peasant Party, the Engineering Center or the Industrial Party. As a result, prominent agrarian economists and representatives of the scientific and technical intelligentsia suffered. A broad campaign was launched against the old specialists, who were blamed for almost all economic problems and difficulties. The authorities very well exploited the anti-bourgeois sentiments that were inherent in the working class.

An important social pillar of the Stalinist "revolution from above", in addition to the old workers, saturated with anti-bourgeois sentiments, were the de-peasant peasants, uprooted, the rural poor (in 1927, 28.3% of the peasant farms of the RSFSR did not have working livestock, 31.6% - arable equipment ). The regime could also take advantage of the passivity of a significant mass of the middle peasantry.

Stalin's "revolution from above" could not have taken place if the appropriate administrative apparatus had not been formed by that time. As of October 1, 1922, it numbered 1320 thousand Soviet employees, and in 1927 - 3722 thousand. This was 1.6 times the number of workers in large-scale industry (2388 thousand people in 1926/27). At the same time, in the conditions of forced industrialization and collectivization, the control center for emergency party (political departments at the MTS, state farms, transport) and punitive (OGPU-NKVD) bodies. The aforementioned bodies are being restructured to suit the interests of a consolidating administrative system with its rigid hierarchy and its sole leader, Stalin.

Along with party purges (1929,1930 and 1933) in 1935-1936. party cards are being checked and exchanged, which in practice meant the same purge. At the same time, the ranks of the Communist Party are diluted with new members who were not burdened with knowledge of party history and focused only on one indisputable leader - Stalin. In the end, the party becomes monolithic again, its numbers are growing rapidly. If in 1926 it numbered 1.1 million members and candidates, then in 1930 - almost 2 million, in 1934 - 2.8 million, in 1939 - 2.5 million.

The intra-party regime is being tightened. The remnants of inner-party democracy are being curtailed. Since 1928, the distribution of the transcripts of the plenums of the Central Committee, the work plans of the Politburo and the Orgburo has ceased. Party congresses, conferences, and plenums are being convened less and less frequently.

The most important stage Stalin's sole power was strengthened by the assassination, under rather strange circumstances, of the head of the Leningrad party organization, S.M. Kirov, which took place on December 1, 1934. From this event, political processes began. Already in January 1935, the first political trial took place over the former leaders of the “new opposition”: G.E. Zinoviev, L.B. Kamenev, G.E. Evdokimov. The main wave of mass repressions swept through the country from 1937 to 1939. For the period from 1930 to 1953, i.e. during the time I.V. Stalin, according to official data, 3.8 million people were repressed, of which 786 thousand people were shot. The scale of the repressions and its all-encompassing nature is striking.

The reasons for the large-scale Stalinist terror have many aspects. First of all, they were associated with Stalin's desire for absolute power. Objectively, the "great terror" marked the formation of a totalitarian political regime in the USSR. Terror pursued the following goals: the destruction of any, even potential opposition, the slightest disloyalty to the supreme power in the person of Stalin; the destruction of the "old party guard" and the remnants of the former (non-socialist) social groups that interfered with the new charismatic leader with their traditions, knowledge of real history and capable of independent thinking; the cleansing of the party from the decomposed party and Soviet functionaries; suppression in the bud of local, departmental sentiments.

At the end of the 30s. these goals were largely achieved. A totalitarian regime was formed in the Soviet Union.

The political regime of the 30s. with its terror, regular shake-up of personnel, was genetically connected with the chosen model of industrialization, with the administrative-command system that took shape in the course of it. A country that found itself in those historical conditions had to solve a whole range of tasks, and in as soon as possible. It was necessary to solve the problem of the technical and economic backwardness of the country in the absence of external sources of financing, it was necessary to preserve state sovereignty, since the military threat to the USSR was real. And, of course, at the same time maintain the course towards building a socialist society. Therefore, the model of modernization of the country, which was implemented in the 30s. could hardly be otherwise. The price, of course, was paid great. But the country also survived as a great power.

Without the created potential of the country in the 30s. (technical, economic, scientific) win the Great Patriotic War it would hardly be possible. In creating this potential, a large role (it is now recognized) belongs to the regime, which was personified with the name of I.V. Stalin.

Literature

1. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the XX century: Textbook for university students / ed. ed.S.V. Leonov. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - S. 441-451.

2. Werth, N. History of the Soviet state / N. Werth. - M.: INFRA-M, "The whole world", 2002. - S. 229-264.

Goals and objectives to show the reasons for the rise of I.V. Stalin, the reasons for his coming to power; show the reasons for the rise of I.V. Stalin, the reasons for his coming to power; to characterize the levers of power and methods used by I. V. Stalin in the fight against his political rivals; to characterize the levers of power and methods used by I. V. Stalin in the fight against his political rivals; to assess the changes in the goals of repression in the years. XX century. to assess the changes in the goals of repression in the years. XX century.

Struggle in the leadership of the Bolshevik Party 1Years Opposing groupings I. V. Stalin G. E. Zinoviev L. B. Kamenev L. D. Troitsky I. V. Stalin N. I. Bukharin A. I. Rykov G. E. Zinoviev L. B. Kamenev (“new opposition”) J. V. Stalin N. I. Bukharin A. I. Rykov G. E. Zinoviev L. B. Kamenev L. D. Trotsky (“united opposition”) J. V. Stalin N. I. Bukharin A. I. Rykov M. P. Tomsky (“right deviation”)

: USSR Armed Forces Council of the Union Council of Nationalities Council of the Union Council of Nationalities: 11 union republics: declaration of new rights: declaration of new rights The political system of Stalinism in the 30s. XX century Totalitarianism Control of authorities over all spheres of society; the actual elimination of constitutional rights and freedoms; forcible establishment of a one-party system The party is the core of the totalitarian system; merging of the party and state apparatus; connection of executive and legislative power Unification of public life; cult of the national leader; mass repression Constitution of 1936: building socialism "in the main" Political structure Federal structure Social sphere

: the thesis about the aggravation of the class struggle in: the thesis about the aggravation of the class struggle under socialism under socialism 16 people were convicted, Zinoviev was shot, 16 people were convicted, Zinoviev and Kamenev were shot, Tomsky, Kamenev shot themselves, Tomsky, Ordzhonikidze shot themselves; execution of Pyatakov, Ordzhonikidze; execution of Pyatakov, Sokolnikov; in the case of “anti-Soviet law – Sokolnikov; Bukharin, Rykov of the Trotskyite bloc were shot in the case of "anti-Soviet law - the Trotskyist bloc" Bukharin, Rykov were shot Political processes of the 30s. XX century. Mass repressions Founding Moscow Trials gg. Mass repressions. On charges of anti-Soviet activities - A person was convicted, - a person was shot by Messrs. Up to 20 million "enemies of the people" were repressed

Political repression in the 30s. of the 20th century d. The Shakhtinsk case d. The case of Vela Ibraimov d. The trial of the Mensheviks d. The case of the Industrial Party d. The case of incomplete shipment of combines d. The case of sabotage at power plants d. The case of the “Trotskyist-Zinoviev terrorist center” d. anti-Soviet Trotskyist center” d. “Trial of the military” d. The case of the “anti-Soviet right-wing Trotskyist bloc” Political trials became one of the most important elements of the totalitarian regime that was taking shape in the country

The creators and supporters of the system themselves became victims of repression. Of the 32 members of the Politburo (gg.), 75% were repressed. Among the senior command staff of the Red Army in the mid-30s. of the twentieth century, the victims were: - out of 5 marshals - 3 - out of 5 commanders of the 1st rank - 3 - out of 10 commanders of the 2nd rank - 10 - out of 57 corps commanders - 50 - out of 186 commanders - out of 16 army commissars of I and II ranks out of 26 corps commissars - 25 - out of 64 divisional commissars - 58 - out of 456 colonels - 401

Management of the Soviet state from the Second Congress of Soviets, According to the Constitution of the USSR According to the Constitution of the USSR October 1917 January 1924 December 1936 All-Russian Congress of Soviets All-Union Congress of Soviets Supreme Soviet of the USSR Council of the Union of Nationalities All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) Central Executive Committee of the USSR Soviet of the Union Nationalities Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Council of People's Commissars (SNK) SNK SNK (since 1946 - CM - Council of Ministers)

The highest bodies of state power and administration of the USSR in the years. Supreme Soviet of the USSR Soviet of the Union Council of Nationalities Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Supreme Court Council of People's Commissars Prosecutor General

Stalinism is a political system that focuses on achieving comprehensive state control over public life, administrative-command methods of governing the country. It was associated with the planting of the personality cult of I. V. Stalin. One of the most important methods of managing society in the years of c. There were mass repressions. Totalitarianism is a system that assumes complete, total control of the authorities over the life of society. Totalitarianism is a system that assumes complete, total control of the authorities over the life of society. Authoritarianism is an anti-democratic system of political power. In the USSR, by the mid-30s. a totalitarian system emerged. This regime was enshrined in the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, which covered lawlessness in the country. National associations were endowed with minimal rights and tightly controlled by the center. A bureaucratic system of leadership developed, everything was based on a policy of fear, terror, and demagoguery. Authoritarianism is an anti-democratic system of political power. In the USSR, by the mid-30s. a totalitarian system emerged. This regime was enshrined in the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, which covered lawlessness in the country. National associations were endowed with minimal rights and tightly controlled by the center. A bureaucratic system of leadership developed, everything was based on a policy of fear, terror, and demagoguery.

In the 30s. in the USSR there was one-party government. The course towards an accelerated transition to socialism, rigid centralization, and the merging of party and state structures of power—all these factors determined the vector of the political development of Soviet society for a long time.

The concrete expression of all the qualitative changes in the political regime was the approval Stalin's personality cult. He was at the top of the pyramid of power, all lower levels of which had only executive functions.

Stalin skillfully used not only people's faith in socialism, but also the enormous authority of Marx and Lenin, seeking to increase his authority as their comrade-in-arms.

The formation of a personality cult in a country where there were no democratic traditions was largely determined by the atmosphere of fear of reprisals.

The textbook “History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)” played an important role in the ideological justification of Stalin's personality cult. A short course”, published in 1938. In it, Stalin was portrayed as the leader of the party from the moment it was formed. Strengthening the faith of the people in I.V. Stalin was also helped by genuine and imaginary successes in socialist construction. Cult I.V. Stalin was planted by his inner circle, who made a quick political career, - K.E. Voroshilov, L.M. Kaganovich, V.M. Molotov, G.M. Malenkov, N.S. Khrushchev, L.P. Beria and others. Throughout the country, the cult of I.V. Stalin was introduced into the consciousness of the people by numerous party workers and civil servants.

In the field of economics, the system of rigid planning, distribution and control in all spheres of economic activity continued to develop. During the period of the personality cult, tens of thousands of citizens suffered, including many well-known figures of the party and the Soviet state.

In the mid 30s. started repression against the old party members who do not agree with the established methods of governing the country. The reason for the mass repressions was the murder on December 1, 1934 of S.M. Kirov, first secretary of the Leningrad city committee and regional party committee, member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

The investigation into the circumstances of this terrorist act was directed by I.V. Stalin. According to the official version, the murder was committed on behalf of the underground Trotskyist-Zinoviev group in order to disorganize the country's leadership. Several party and state workers were sentenced to capital punishment, although their participation in the assassination attempt on S.M. Kirov has not been proven.

V 1936. on fictitious charges of anti-Soviet activities and espionage (the case of the anti-Soviet “ United Trotskyist-Zinoviev Center”) condemned former party leaders G.E. Zinoviev, L.B. Kameneva and others. Thousands of political emigrants, many workers of the Comintern, became victims of repression. Repressive policies were carried out against entire peoples. Soon M.P. shot himself. Tomsky, who previously headed the country's trade unions.

V 1937. on business " anti-soviet trotskyist center“A group of senior officials of the people's commissariats of the heavy and timber industry was brought to trial. Among them were Yu.L. Pyatakov and G.Ya. Sokolnikov. They were accused of trying to undermine the economic power of the USSR, of wrecking, of organizing accidents at enterprises, of deliberately disrupting state plans. Thirteen of the accused were sentenced to death by firing squad and four to imprisonment. (Reader T10 No. 4)

Repression touched command cadres of the Red Army(M.N. Tukhachevsky, I.E. Yakir, I.P. Uborevich, A.I. Egorov, V.K. Blucher).

In 1938, another political trial was fabricated in the case “ anti-Soviet Right-Trotsky bloc” (N.I. Bukharin, A.I. Rykov and others). The defendants were accused of intending to liquidate the social and state system existing in the USSR, to restore capitalism. They supposedly intended to achieve this goal by means of espionage and sabotage activities, by undermining the country's economy. All these actions were held in violation of the norms of justice and ended with the execution of the convicts.

Tens of thousands of innocent people were arrested on false denunciations and accusations of "counter-revolutionary" activities. They were sentenced to imprisonment and forced labor in the system State Administration of Camps (GULAG). The labor of prisoners was used in logging, construction of new factories and railways. By the end of the 30s. the Gulag system included more than 50 camps, over 420 correctional colonies, 50 juvenile colonies. The number of persons imprisoned in them increased from 179 thousand in 1930 to 839.4 thousand at the end of 1935 and up to 996.4 thousand at the end of 1937 (official data).

Peculiarities of Intra-Party Struggle in the USSR in the 1920s and 1930s

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin

Stalin's encirclement

Nomenclature hierarchy

Totalitarian regime

10. Emergence of a totalitarian state

11.

12. OGPU - United State Administration under the Council of People's Commissars

13. NKVD

14.

16. REASONS FOR FORMATION

17.

18.

19. Repressions in 1935-1938

20. Tightening labor laws

21. Gulag (30s)

22.

23. Tukhachevsky case

24. Repressions in the army from 1938 to 1939

25. Features of the political system of the USSR in the 30s.

26. The highest bodies of state power and administration of the USSR in 1936-1977.

27. Constitution of 1936

30. The social structure of society in the 30s.

31. Refined model of the "Social Structure of Society in the 1930s"

32. The tragic consequences of the Stalinist regime