Speech interaction. Verbal and non-verbal communication

In the XX century. a new branch of linguistic science arose - the theory of speech acts. Its founders consider: a speech act is a purposeful speech action - a unit of normative in a given linguistic community, in a given social group of speech behavior, considered in a certain situation.

In a speech act, three stages are identified: pre-communicative, communicative and post-communicative.

At the pre-communicative stage, situational and motivational factors, speech intention to enter into communication with the interlocutor are distinguished; internal, mental preparation of the statement. The communicative stage has two stages: first, the prepared utterance materializes with the help of acoustic (voice) or graphic (writing) codes, and then the utterance is perceived by means of a code transition back to the mental code of inner speech. The postcommunicative stage can be realized both in a verbal form (the interlocutor's answer, a new statement), and in a non-verbal form (by one action or another or by its absence). A speech act is always correlated with the personality of the subject (addressee, speaker). To transmit the utterance to the addressee, the subject must take care of the presence of a common social experience: the greater the general experience and the wider the social ties, the more accurately the message sent will be understood by the addressee. Then it is required to introduce the subject of speech (topic) and keep it in the mind of the interlocutor (s) by means of periodic reminders. The increase in the volume of information should be dosed depending on the level of training of the addressee or audience. In parallel, the subject (speaker) organizes the actual communicative aspect of the conversation: he uses the techniques of attracting and retaining the attention of listeners, forms an assessment of the listener or audience, adopting an official, friendly or condescending tone of communication.

A speech act is an action that takes place between people, at least between two: these are participants in the dialogue, subjects of correspondence, etc., i.e. addressees. In speech interaction, they perform their functions: encouraging the speaker to speak; response to it; replication of statements (text); possibility / impossibility of continuing the dialogue, feedback. Feedback is a very important component of any kind of communication. At the beginning of a speech act, the speaker's role appears to be leading and decisive, but in the future it may turn out that the result of this act is determined by the listener, his understanding of the utterance.

In the act of verbal communication, there may be "social-role structural components", i.e. status and situational roles of participants in communication. The social status of a person (age, gender, job, etc.) should influence his behavior, including speech. At the beginning of a specific communicative act, its participants are required to understand their own social role and the role of a partner. This will help you navigate the situation and choose the appropriate style of speech behavior.

The nature and content of speech acts depend on various situations in which a person finds himself, therefore, the situational roles of speakers are also taken into account, which undoubtedly affect the communication process. Psychologists define such situational roles as:

Leader seeking to lead;

Host who follows the general course of the conversation, balances interests different people;

“Capricious child”, capable of breaking prohibitions and expressing independent judgment;

"Flexible person", ready to adapt to different circumstances, etc. ...

The structure of the conversation The alternating inclusion of participants in the speech act, role exchange, taking into account the situation largely form the structure of the conversation. At the same time, new indicators of the measure of interaction between partners appear: do they show interest in the general subject of the conversation or each speaks about his own; how often suggestions made by one of the participants are used by other partners.

The interlocutors can show different activity in the process of communication, different duration of participation in the conversation and the frequency of inclusion in it. This may indicate the degree of interest of a person both in the topic of conversation and in its participants; about a person's self-esteem (talkativeness, modesty); about the general inclination of a person to laconic or detailed statements.

For the success of a speech act, the attitude of the subject (speaker) to the reaction of partners is important. This attitude can be intellectual (agreement / disagreement with the opinion of the interlocutor, disagreement) and emotional (joy, satisfaction, patience - or indifference, disrespect to a partner, irritability, etc.). The communicative role of speakers and listeners, the manner of their speech behavior often depend on what comes to the fore in the message: information or contact.

Functionally, it is customary to distinguish two main types of speech behavior of speakers and listeners: phatic speech behavior (some researchers call it a "phatic act" by analogy with a "speech act") and informative speech behavior.

The essence of phatic speech behavior is to speak in order to speak out and meet understanding. Usually this is an exchange of remarks, the content of which is associated with each other.

An example from everyday life:

The winter is snowless today.

Yes, all the strawberries in the country will freeze.

Yes, that's what, many of the glass in the houses was broken.

And in our cooperative last year, several dachas were burnt down altogether! etc.

A conversation is an exchange of opinions and feelings, not logical, but quite sincere. The interlocutors are not faced with the task of jointly solving some problem. Phatic speech bears the imprint of immediacy, situational cohesion. Phatic speech often varies according to the intimate / non-intimate relationship. It can arise between strangers and unfamiliar people in order to make an acquaintance, pass the time, be polite, etc.

Informative speech behavior is manifested in interpersonal communication in the following aspects:

A joint solution to the problem, which is developed with the mutual consent of the interlocutors;

Asking questions, the answers to which are important from the point of view of obtaining information for one of the participants in the communication;

Clarification of understanding.

This aspect follows (if necessary) the previous two.

Speech- this is the main way to satisfy personal, and not only personal, communication needs. Verbal communication- This is a motivated living process of interaction, which is aimed at the implementation of a specific, life goal setting, proceeds on the basis of feedback in specific types of speech activity. Interaction of communicants- this is an exchange in the process of communication not only speech statements, but also actions, deeds. Interaction is carried out in the form of contact, conflict, partnership, cooperation, competition, etc. The speech and non-speech interaction of the communication participants is highlighted. The means of verbal communication is language, and the way is speech. The channels of communication of non-verbal communication are vision, gestures, motor skills, kinesthesia (smell, touch, sensation). Social interaction precedes speech interaction. Social interaction begins with the establishment of psychological contact (saw, nodded, smiled or turned away sharply). Social interaction (he began to listen and understand the purpose of what the interlocutor was saying) proceeds to influence (he began to look at the message through the eyes of his partner), and then to semantic contact. The most important function of speech as an activity is the function of expressing thoughts. To think means to operate with concepts, therefore it is necessary to know the words denoting these concepts, therefore mastering linguistic means is mastering the wealth of the language, necessary condition development of human thinking and communication.

Speech activity is understood as a situation when a person uses language to communicate with other people. There are several types of speech activity:
- speaking - using language to communicate something;
- listening - the perception of the content of the sounding speech;
- writing - fixing the content of speech on paper;
- reading - perception of information recorded on paper

Communication (communication)- this is a way of being a person in terms of mutual relations, interaction with other people. In the process of communication, people exchange information - thoughts, ideas and emotions, as a result of which a certain form of relationship and mutual influence is established between people, aimed at achieving a certain business purposeful result.

The main functions of communication: informative, interactive (incentive), perceptual (establishing mutual understanding), expressive (arousing emotional experiences).

In the implementation of a speech action, the following stages are distinguished:

- preparation, when there is an awareness of goals, motives, needs and the forecast of results is carried out;

- the structuring of the statement (the choice of words, their design is carried out);

- the transition to external speech.

Perception of speech (the process of listening or reading) includes understanding (language and content), feedback (reaction).

5. Types of communication (verbal and non-verbal communication).

The means of transmitting information in communication are divided into verbal and non-verbal. Verbal is carried out with the help of words - language, non-verbal - with the help of signs and symbols: gestures, facial expressions, posture, gaze, distance.

Verbal communication.

Language acts as a tool for expressing the thoughts and feelings of people --- Communicative(interaction between people). Language is the main form of full-fledged communication of a person with his own kind. Rechargeable. With the help of language, we can store and accumulate knowledge. Cognitive. With the help of language, a person can acquire knowledge contained in books, films or the minds of other people. Constructive... With the help of language, it is easy to form thoughts, clothe them in a material, clear and concrete form (either in the form of oral verbal expression, or in the form of writing). Ethnic. Language allows people to unite peoples, communities and other groups of people.

Non-verbal communication.

In non-verbal communication, some elements can be distinguished: Gestures and posture. People evaluate each other even before they speak. Gestures allow you to emphasize the meaning of what has been said, to place accents, to express emotions. Mimicry, look and facial expression. The human face is the main transmitter of information about a person's mood, emotions and feelings. The eyes are called the mirror of the soul. Distance between interlocutors and touch. The distance at which a person is comfortable communicating with others, and the ability to touch, people determine for themselves, depending on the degree of closeness of a particular interlocutor. Intonation and characteristics of the voice. This element of communication seems to unite verbal and non-verbal means of communication. With the help of different intonation, volume, timbre, tone and rhythm of the voice, the same phrase can be pronounced so differently that the meaning of the message will change directly to the opposite.

Emotional. With the help of language, you can express emotions and feelings, and here it is precisely their direct expression with the help of words that is considered. But basically this function is, of course, performed by non-verbal means of communication.

Pose is the position of the body. The pose shows how a given person perceives his status in relation to the status of other persons present.

It is important to balance verbal and non-verbal forms of communication in your speech. This will allow you to fully convey your information to the interlocutor and understand his messages. If a person speaks emotionlessly and monotonously, his speech quickly gets tired. Conversely, when a person actively gestures, often inserts interjections and only occasionally utters words, this can overload the interlocutor's perception, which will alienate him from such an expressive communication partner.

6. Concept literary language... Literary and national language.

Literary language- a processed part of the common language, possessing, to a greater or lesser extent, written norms; the language of all manifestations of culture, expressed in verbal form, which covers all spheres of human activity: the sphere of science and education - scientific style; socio-political sphere - journalistic style; the sphere of business relations - formal business style.

Signs of a literary language: the presence of writing; normalization (a fairly stable way of expression, which expresses the historically established patterns of the development of the Russian literary language); codification, that is, fixation in the scientific literature; this is expressed in the presence of grammar dictionaries and other books containing rules for the use of the language; stylistic diversity, that is, the diversity of functional styles of the literary language;

relative stability; prevalence; general use; universality;

compliance with the use, customs and capabilities of the language system.

Plan

1. Language as a social phenomenon and as a sign system. Language units. Language functions. Language and speech.

2. Forms of existence of the national language.

3. Speech activity. The concept of a speech situation. Units of speech communication.

In modern linguistic science, two interrelated concepts are distinguished - language and speech.

Language is a universal sign system that naturally arises in human communication and develops, capable of expressing the entire set of concepts and thoughts of a person and intended primarily for communication purposes. Ferdinand de Saussure, a French linguist who first distinguished the concepts of language and speech, defines language as follows: “Language is a system of signs expressing concepts, and therefore, it can be compared with writing, with the alphabet for the deaf and dumb, with symbolic rituals, with forms of courtesy , with military signals, etc. He is only the most important of these systems. "

According to the teachings of F. de Saussure, language is a system, all the elements of which form a whole, and the significance of one element arises only from the simultaneous presence of others. What are the elements, or units, of the language? These include:

· Morphemes (prefixes, roots, suffixes, endings);

· Words recorded in the memory of native speakers, in dictionaries with definite meanings;

· Stable expressions (phraseological units);

· A set of different types of phrases and sentences;

· Text (a set of models for constructing texts).

The named units are in certain relationships, systemic connections. In modern linguistics, there are two types of relations between the elements of the language: syntagmatic and paradigmatic. Syntagmatic relations are based on the linear nature of the language: its elements line up one after another in the flow of speech. So, sounds are a building element for creating morphemes, morphemes, in turn, serve to form words, words - phrases and sentences, with the help of sentences the text is organized. Paradigmatic relations are based on the associative connections of some linguistic units with others in the mind of a person. Similarly, synonyms are related to each other (they have common element meanings), antonyms (words opposite in meaning), words of the same root, etc.

In addition, the language includes generally accepted pronunciation norms and certain grammatical rules, such as declension, conjugation, which contribute to the organization of a coherent utterance.

By its essence, language is a social phenomenon. As F. de Saussure writes, it is "a social product, a set of necessary conventions adopted by the collective to ensure the implementation, functioning of the ability to speech activity that exists in every native speaker." Thus, language is not an activity of the speaker, it is a finished product registered by the speaker.

The language serves many functions. Let's name the most important of them:

· Thought-forming (cognitive). With the help of language, a person carries out his mental activity; identifies and distinguishes objects and phenomena, highlighting essential features in them.

· Rechargeable. Language helps to preserve and transmit the body of knowledge accumulated by mankind.

· Communicative. Language is the main, the main means of human communication.

· Emotionally expressive. Using the means of language, a person expresses his feelings and emotions (for example, there are suffixes that allow you to convey the speaker's attitude to the subject of speech: sun shk oh children in a, small yusen cue; special words containing an assessment in their meaning: muddler, git, grandiose).

· Voluntative (function of influence).

Language is opposed to speech. Speech- the use of language means by an individual in accordance with the communicative goals set by him, the conditions in which communication takes place, and in accordance with his linguistic gift. An example of speech can be any specific statement - both oral and written (dialogue replica, article, book, etc.).

Thus, speech is an individual phenomenon, and language is social. Speech is always carried out by a specific person who, at his own discretion, chooses and uses linguistic means to express his own thoughts. Consequently, speech is associated with the possibility of improvisation, individual deviations, which often lead to changes in the language system (for example, the enrichment of the lexical and phraseological fund of the Russian language due to the word-creation of writers, poets, masters of eloquence. Compare such occasional words and expressions that have entered the language, how string bag(A. Raikin), muslin young lady, tragedian inevitably(A.P. Chekhov), living Dead(Leo Tolstoy) and many others. etc.).

Language is stable, reproducible, and speech is changeable, situationally conditioned. It is speech that can become the object of assessment (cf .: speech is appropriate - inappropriate; accurate, logical, rich, expressive; graceful, rough, witty etc.).

Language as a functional system is associated with non-linguistic reality, it reflects the social heterogeneity of its speakers (it is known that even small ethnic groups, small nationalities, not to mention nations, are internally heterogeneous: communities of people are distinguished in them by gender, age, social status, territory of residence , level of education, profession, etc.).

Each of the social groups in society uses the language in its own way, in different conditions and for specific purposes. Thus, the poorly educated inhabitants of the old village mainly use the language to communicate with well-known people, fellow villagers or residents of the nearest neighborhood. The topic of such communication is mainly everyday, the form of speech is an oral dialogue, which presupposes the simultaneous active participation of the addressee and the addressee in it, not separated by time. Speech habits and requirements for the quality of speech, of course, cannot be the same in these conditions as, for example, among city dwellers, among office workers. In the latter case, communication proceeds largely in writing, communication with addressees is mediated by documents. The content of communication in the field of office work can be very difficult, requiring special training from the communicants.

Thus, socio-historical circumstances predetermine the formation of specific language systems, social linguistic variants (forms, strata). The Russian national language exists in the following forms:

· literary language;

· Dialects;

· Jargons;

· Vernacular.

Dialects - territorial varieties of the language.

These are the most archaic forms of linguistic existence, the historical basis of the language. In Russia, dialects were formed even during the period of feudal fragmentation as a means of communication between people inhabiting a certain territory (cf. South Russian, North Russian dialects; dialect of the peoples of the Volga region, Don dialect, etc.).

Dialects exist mainly in oral form and serve only a part of the communicative needs of the people speaking the given language (they serve exclusively for everyday communication). They differ from jargons and vernaculars in that they have a set of phonetic, grammatical, and lexical differences characteristic of each dialect. So, for the South Russian dialects (dialects), the pronunciation of the sound [г] is characteristic as a fricative [γ], the soft pronunciation of the final consonant in verbs of the 3rd ( ide be, go be ). Each dialect has a specific vocabulary (compare in the Don dialect: strip - saber, abyss - leave, bison- the giver, chick- jump).

In the twentieth century. in connection with the development of mass communication, with the growth of education, "the influence of the literary language increases and the process of degradation of dialects is activated." Nevertheless, territorial dialects cannot be judged as an obsolete form of linguistic existence, since they are the richest linguistic soil, a repository of national identity and creative potential of the language. It is not for nothing that fostering respect for the folk dialect speech and striving to support it have recently become a special concern of a number of highly civilized states.

Vernacular - a form of the national Russian language, which does not have a systemic organization and is a set of linguistic forms that violate the norms of the literary language. Signs of vernacular: 1) irregularity of speech; 2) non-literacy; 3) stylistic undifferentiation; 4) optional use, optional for members of a given society.

Vernacular are considered

Options for accents like chauffeur, lay, beet;

· pronunciation gladly instead of radio; colidor instead of corridor; princess instead of Princess; scribbler instead of och [esh] nickname;

Morphological forms of the type chauffeur instead of chauffeurs; prettier instead of more beautiful; bake instead of bakes; lie down instead of lie down etc.;

· the words to be ill, to mess, at first; appeal mom, dad, dad and etc.

Jargon- speech of social and professional groups of people united by a community of occupations, interests, social status, etc. (cf. jargon of declassed elements; army jargon; jargon of musicians, actors, students, etc.). The word "slang" is often used as synonyms for the word "jargon", less often - "argo" (we do not dwell on a strictly terminological differentiation of these concepts, especially since this distinction is not recognized by all researchers).

Jargon is characterized by the presence of only specialized vocabulary and phraseology; it does not have specific phonetic and grammatical features. Here are some examples from modern youth jargon: strummed - matrix printer; relax- to relax, have a rest, have a good time; civilizer- teacher of the subject "Foundations of Civilization".

Jargon is generated by the socio-psychological community of its carriers, usually young people, who are characterized by “emotional redundancy”, maximalism, their own ideas about life values, norms of behavior, their own special style and manners (appearance, clothing, gestures), a sense of solidarity and “ group spirit ””. Jargon is a symbol of belonging to a particular social group, as well as a linguistic manifestation of its subculture. As a kind of national language, jargon is secondary, its use is optional.

Literary language- the highest form of existence of a national language, taken by its speakers as an exemplary one. Literary language includes the best ways to designate concepts and objects, express thoughts and emotions.

Signs of the literary language:

· Multifunctionality, the ability to serve both everyday and official, high spheres of communication (state, politics, science, religion, education, art, etc.);

· Availability of variants of language units;

· Processing by "masters of the word";

· Normalization;

· Availability of written and oral forms.

The sphere of speech culture is the sphere of application of the literary language, taking into account its norms and rules, its stylistic stratification and forms of implementation.

Communication is a complex process of human interaction, “the way of existence of human collectives: various types of communication provide connections, interaction of members of society, support its structure, and through them, in the course of communication, society is reorganized, people regulate each other's behavior, in communication there is an accumulation and assimilation of cultural values ​​... ".

Speech is one of the main means of carrying out these processes.

Speech activity- the most important concept of modern linguistics. It also goes back to the ideas of F. de Saussure, who for the first time distinguished between language, speech and speech activity. Speech activity includes any phenomena traditionally considered by linguistics: acoustic, conceptual, individual, social, etc. These phenomena are diverse and heterogeneous. The basis for all manifestations of speech activity is language.

Speech activity is the most common type of human activity. It precedes, accompanies, and sometimes forms, forms the basis of any other human activity (industrial, commercial, scientific, managerial, etc.).

A number of components are required for the implementation of speech activity. Researchers distinguish the following components (they are also called units of speech communication):

· Participants in communication (addressee - addressee; speaker - listener; writer - reader). In the process of speech activity, participants can change roles (compare, for example, dialogical communication);

· Subject of speech: what is being talked about, about what information is being exchanged; this component is associated with knowledge about reality;

· The language in which communication takes place, or the communicative code, - a system that provides the ability to translate the meanings, meanings of the transmitted information into signs, words;

· The utterance itself, that communicative unit that contains everything that comes from the speaker about what he says to his addressee using the language known to both of them.

All of these components are included in the real communication environment and interact with it (cf. dialogue in a store, in public transport; small talk at a banquet; public speaking; answering an exam, etc.). In connection with this situation, there is a need for communication (motivation); his goals and objectives are put forward (goal-setting); taking into account the situation, social, psychological, informational circumstances, the choice of communication means is made. It must be remembered that taking into account the conditions, the environment in which communication takes place, directly affects the success of speech actions.

The set of interacting components, parties, means of speech communication is called speech situation.

Depending on the nature of the situation, business and everyday communication are distinguished; formal and informal; artistic (aesthetic) and non-artistic, etc.

Speech activity consists of processes that make it possible to carry out the act of speech. These processes can be designated as follows:

· Generation of speech (work of consciousness);

· Implementation of speech (speaking, writing);

· Perception of speech (listening, reading).

The processes of generating speech, its perception, understanding, response to it determine the corresponding speech functions(verbal communication): communicative, informative, emotionally expressive, appellative, contact-establishing (phatic), aesthetic.

· The communicative function is the main function of speech: the implementation of communication between "private people", as well as the regulation of connections, relations within society as a whole, the maintenance of information flows, etc.

· Informative function - communication of knowledge, information about the world.

· Emotional-expressive function - expression in speech of the speaker's attitude to the subject of the statement, emotional-sensory states of the subject of speech.

· Appellative function - the orientation of the utterance to the addressee of speech, the impact on him.

· Contact-establishing function - the focus of the statement on the establishment and maintenance or change of communicative contact with a partner (the connection of this function with the appellative function is obvious).

· Aesthetic function - giving the statement an adequate form; care for the beauty, expressiveness of speech.

Each of the main speech functions has its own speech genres of oral or written, non-fiction or artistic communication. For example, such everyday genres as grunts, complaints, outpourings, as well as lyrical genres of fiction, are primarily associated with the expressive function. In an everyday story, a business report, an information message, a scientific report, an announcement, as in various epic literary genres, the informative function is most noticeable. A heart-to-heart conversation performs a contact-establishing function, as does the genre of introducing a stranger to partners.

However, speech is characterized by polyfunctionality: most often speech genres serve to implement not one, but several functions at the same time (in this case, one of them can be the main, central, and others - additional, peripheral).

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. Describe the concepts of language and speech.

2. List the main functions of the language.

3. In what forms does the national language exist?

4. What are the main units of verbal communication.

5. Describe the concept of a situation of verbal communication.

6. What functions of speech (verbal communication) can you name?

NORMS OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

Speech interaction is a very complex phenomenon: on the one hand, it is speaking, the generation of speech by the subject, on the other, the perception of speech by the addressee, its decoding, understanding of the content, assessment of the information received and response (verbally, facial expressions, gestures, behavior, etc.). )

Organization of speech interaction

In the process of speech interaction, it is not enough to know only the native language and be fluent in speech culture. The interlocutors must adhere to certain principles, rules of conversation, which allow coordinating their actions and statements. These rules constitute the conventional (conditional, accepted) basis of verbal interaction.

Scientists have formulated a number of important organizational principles of speech communication. One of them is called the principle of consistency. It assumes the relevance (semantic correspondence) of the response, that is, the expectation of a replica of the corresponding type. If the first replica is a question, then the second is an answer; the greeting is accompanied by a greeting; request - acceptance or rejection, etc. This principle requires the natural completion of a speech fragment.

Another - the principle of preferred structure - characterizes the features of speech fragments with confirming and rejecting responses. As the researchers note, consent is usually expressed promptly, in the most concise and clear way.

Disagreement is formulated at length, justified by arguments and, as a rule, removed by a pause.

Compliance with the described principle allows you not to offend the interlocutor, to avoid the critical focus of the conversation.

The basis of speech communication is the principle of cooperation, which presupposes the willingness of partners to cooperate. This principle was formulated by G.P. Grice. In his work "Logic and Speech Communication" he writes: "Your communicative contribution at every step of the dialogue should be the same as the jointly accepted goal (direction) of this dialogue requires."

The work formulates specific postulates, the application of which contributes to the observance of this principle. He divides these postulates into four categories - quantity, quality, relationship and method.

He connects the category of quantity with the amount of information that needs to be conveyed: your statement must contain no less information than is required; your statement should contain no more information than is required.

To the category of quality G.P. Grice relates a general postulate: Try to make the statement true, as well as two more specific: do not say what you think is false; do not say what you have no good reason for.

The author emphasizes the expediency and usefulness of observing the principle of cooperation and its postulates for anyone who strives to achieve the ultimate goals of verbal communication. Another prominent foreign scientist J.N. Leach described another leading principle of communication - the principle of politeness, which is a set of a number of rules. They are briefly formulated as follows. The rule of tact: You should not touch upon topics potentially dangerous to the interlocutor (privacy, individual preferences, etc.). The rule of generosity: You should not bind your partner with obligations, promises, oaths, etc., that is, somehow burden him. The rule of approval, positivity in evaluating others: Do not judge others; Judge not lest ye be judged. The rule of modesty: Do not be arrogant in conversation with the interlocutor (the most important condition for the development of a communicative act is realistic self-esteem). Rule of agreement: Try to avoid conflict situations in the name of solving communication goals. Rule of sympathy: Demonstrate goodwill towards your partner (so-called indifferent contact presents a certain problem). The named principles form the basis of the communicative code, which regulates the speech behavior of both parties during the communicative act. The basic categories that form the communicative code are communicative (speech) goal and communicative (speech) intention. The most important criteria in the composition of the communication code are recognized as the criterion of truth (fidelity to reality) and the criterion of sincerity (fidelity to oneself). When considering the communicative code, analyzing the possibilities of its use in the practice of verbal communication, of course, it should be remembered that the formulated rules do not have absolute meaning. None of the rules by itself ensures the successful interaction of interlocutors, moreover, compliance with one rule can lead to a violation of another, etc. However, it must be admitted that the application of the described principles makes it possible to more successfully organize speech interaction and increase its efficiency. Grice G.P. Logic and speech communication. - SPb .: Peter, 2006 .-- p. 243

• In this section, you will learn what speech interaction is, a speech situation and a speech event, as well as under what conditions speech becomes effective.
• You will learn to pay attention to specific components of the speech situation that influence the choice of language means.
• You will master the skills of taking into account the speech situation when choosing means of expression, which will help you subsequently make your speech more effective.

Researchers identify the following elements of speech communication: speech interaction, speech situation, speech event.

Speech interaction is called the process of establishing and maintaining purposeful direct or indirect contact between people through speech. Speech interaction includes the following components:

• addressee (sender of information);
• addressee (recipient of information);
• speech event;
• means of interaction.

Note that speech interaction is a process interactions two subjects: the speaking or writing addressee and the listening or reading addressee.

In addition to the direct participants in speech interaction, who usually change places during communication, it is necessary subject of speech- what they are talking about and about what information is being exchanged.

The elementary form of speech interaction is speech event (speech act). For the sender and for the recipient of information, the speech event manifests itself in different ways: on the part of the addressee, it consists in speaking(sending acoustic signals in the form of linguistic signs) or letter(coding speech signals using graphic symbols). A speech event from the addressee's side is hearing(perception of speech acoustic signals and their understanding) or reading(decoding of graphic characters and their understanding).

It follows that speech interaction involves both coding and decoding of information. Mechanisms for encoding information operate when speaking and writing, decoding - when listening and reading.

Speech Interaction Means Is a language, a sign system known to both the addressee and the addressee.

As a result of speech interaction, a text is born. The purpose of the interaction is to transfer meaning text - specific information (logical, emotional, aesthetic, etc.), expressed by speech and, with its participation, formed in the mind of a person. Through the texts we get to know the speech, from the texts we extract the language rules, we focus on the sample texts, creating our own speech products.

There are various classifications of texts: according to the time of their creation, the sphere of use, as well as the principles of text organization. You will learn about the main classifications and practical possibilities of their application in Chapter 2.

A speech event as the main unit of communication includes two components: 1) verbal (speech itself) and non-verbal (facial expressions, gestures, etc.) communication elements; 2) speech situation, specific circumstances of speech interaction. In other words, then how it says depends on what, to whom and where it says. For example, if the audience is unprepared (low level of education, low social status), you should speak more slowly, use a question-and-answer form of presentation, give many examples, cases from life, present concrete results, clear argumentation, start with stronger arguments, refer to authorities , repeat the main theses many times. The prepared audience will be impressed by a more emotional speech, rich in rhetorical figures. The higher the level of your audience's proficiency in the subject, the more important is the structure of the presentation: you should start with what the audience learns from your speech; in addition, it is necessary to maximize the use of dialogicity, to bring contradictory points of view, etc.

Almost any speech interaction has an extra-linguistic reason, caused by extra-linguistic circumstances. The speech situation is the starting point of any speech action, stimulates speech or its absence. We speak to make a request, to share our joy or pain with someone, to pass an exam, just to make sure that we are not alone. A more detailed description of a speech situation includes the following components:

• participants in communication;
• place and time of communication;
• subject of communication;
• goals of communication;
• feedback between participants in communication.

In addition to the addressee and the addressee, the number communication participants may include observers or listeners, whose presence leaves its mark on speech. Coincidence or difference of views on subject of communication will either stimulate communication or hinder it. The extent to which the subject of communication is interesting to both speakers, how familiar they both are with it, significantly affects the choice of words, the manner of presentation. A system administrator talks about computers differently from a novice user, and the conversation between parents and teenagers about the advisability of going to the dacha on the weekend is structured differently than the dialogue of adolescents about whether to have a cool party at the same dacha.

Place of communication(a conversation with a teacher during an exam, visiting mutual friends or at a conference) determines the genre of speech and the choice of speech means. Engineer, writing instruction to the assembly of the machine, will use full sentences in speech, special terms, for example, like this: "It is recommended to attach part No. 2502 to the back using four screws ¼ × 2 and a wrench No. 18 for tightening." The same engineer who works in the shop on debugging this machine, without hesitation, will advise "to sprinkle this pimp over there to that thing", and everyone will understand him.

In speech interaction play a role communication time, more precisely, the coincidence or non-coincidence of the moment of transmission and receipt of information (this is just as important as for online or offline programs). Compare, for example, chatting with regular emails. In the first case, the remarks follow one after the other almost as in a normal conversation and the interlocutors do not need to explain for a long time what happened before, the messages are short, implying the possibility of immediate commentary on incomprehensible places. In the second case, the time distance from sending the letter to receiving it is quite large, therefore, in order to avoid misunderstanding, the presentation here is in more detail, there are frequent references to previous letters, a return to previously described events.

Leave an imprint on our speech and communication goals: intellectual, emotional, contact-establishing, etc. In verbal communication, two types of goals are usually distinguished: direct, immediate, directly expressed by the speaker, and indirect, more distant, long-term, often perceived as target subtext. Thus, keeping up a conversation often serves the long-term purpose of establishing good relationships, but it can also be formally polite. A critical statement may have an immediate goal - to clarify information, as well as a distant goal - to show the level of one's intellectual abilities, to confirm one's opinion, to emphasize one's "I".

The most important structural component of the speech situation is Feedback. The listener's reaction to the speaker's utterance forms the basis of communication, its absence leads to the destruction of communication: not receiving a response to the question asked, the person feels hurt and usually either achieves an answer or ends the conversation. Moreover, the clearly expressed interest of the listener to the speaker creates that positive background against which oral communication takes place. In the absence of such interest, communication becomes painful and interrupted. It follows that the culture of speech also implies the culture of listening.

The speech situation dictates the rules of speech communication and determines the forms of its expression. These forms are different under conditions direct, or direct communication with an active feedback(like dialogue) and mediated - with passive feedback (for example, a written order). They change depending on number of participants and the nature of the situation(in everyday communication: a conversation with close people or private letters, etc., in business communication: a report, lecture, discussion, negotiations, etc.).

The speech situation helps to understand the meaning of the text, concretizes the meaning of a number of grammatical categories, for example, the category of tense, pronouns like I, you, now, here, there, here etc. It also allows you to correctly interpret the text, clarify its target function (threat, request, advice, recommendation, etc.), identify the causal links of this statement with other events, etc.