Human health, components of health.

The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) stated: “Nine-tenths of our happiness is based on health. With it, everything becomes a source of pleasure, while without it absolutely no external benefits can give pleasure, even subjective benefits: the quality of the mind, soul, temperament weakens and freezes in a diseased state. It is by no means without reason that we first of all ask each other about health and wish it to each other: it is truly the main condition for human happiness.

If we accept that among the life values ​​of a person, health is the main condition for human happiness, then it is necessary to understand what we mean by this term.

Today there are a number of definitions of human health. The Constitution of the World Health Organization states that health - it is "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

In summary, human health is its ability to maintain psychophysiological stability appropriate for age and sex in the face of constant changes in information (sensory and structural).

What is sensory and structural information?

Sensory Information - This is information perceived with the help of the senses - visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, olfactory. Sensory information can be positive or negative in quality and quantity.

Structural Information perceived at the cellular level, that is, we are talking about a structural protective reaction healthy body when a foreign agent (smallpox virus) enters the human body by producing special antibodies to destroy the virus. The more dangerous a foreign agent that has entered the body of a healthy person, the more powerful the structural defense system - immunity.

So, nature took care of our health resource, providing us from birth with structural and sensory information systems that have the ability to self-regulate and maintain life.

From the definition of health, we can conclude that the components of health are:

physical,

psychological,

social.

Physical Component - the ability of the body to have reserves in case of unforeseen extreme and emergency situations.

Psychological component - determines the state of the psyche, or mental balance of a person. Mental well-being correlates with the mind, intellect, emotions.

Social component - reflects connections within society, material support, interpersonal contacts, i.e., awareness of oneself as a person when interacting with others.

All three components are interconnected, I show on the board schematically, visually the three main components.

Health individual and public

Individual health is the health of each individual.

public health is the health of the whole society, is a socio-political and economic category that characterizes the viability of the whole society as a social organism.

Spiritual and physical health

Spiritual health is provided by the system of thinking, knowledge of the surrounding world and orientation in it. Spiritual health is achieved by the ability to live in harmony with oneself, with relatives, friends and society, the ability to predict and model events and draw up a program of one's actions.

Physical health, as one of the components of human health, is defined as the absence of diseases and physical defects of the body and largely depends on the work of sensory and structural information systems. Physical health is primarily influenced by heredity and environment.

At the 20th minute of the lesson, perform motor exercises (2 minutes).

Spiritual and physical beginnings must always be in harmonious unity, for these are two inseparable parts of a person's overall individual health. Both of these parts - physical and spiritual - are so closely intertwined that it is impossible to separate them. Physical health affects the spiritual life, and spiritual control gives the necessary discipline to maintain physical health.

Factors affecting health.

What affects health?

This influence is expressed by two groups: internal and external.

Internal - this is the influence of heredity (genetic factor) - 20%

External - environment (20%), health care activities (10%)

Lifestyle affects our health by 50%! Everything will depend on how we dispose of the natural gift and, of course, on the conditions under which we will dispose of it.

Lifestyle is a system of relationships between a person and himself and environmental factors.

Environmental factors are:

physical (pressure, radiation, temperature);

chemical (food, water, toxic substances);

Biological (plants, microorganisms, animals);

psychological (affecting the emotional sphere through sight, touch, smell, taste, hearing and causing a positive or negative reaction).

What is a relationship with oneself? This is a complex set of actions and experiences, the presence of useful habits that strengthen the natural resource of health, and the absence of harmful ones that destroy it.

To be healthy, you need your own efforts, constant and significant. Nothing can replace them. A person is so perfect that it is possible to restore health from almost any point of its decline. Only the necessary efforts increase with age and the deepening of diseases. For this, it is necessary to a healthy lifestyle is an activity aimed at maintaining and strengthening health!

Basic health criteria

The main criterion for human health is its ability to maintain psychophysiological stability in an ever changing world.

In other words, it is a quick adaptation to new conditions of the surrounding world.

Adaptation - it's physiological adaptation of the structure and functions of the body, changing its organs and cells in accordance with environmental conditions.

By environmental conditions one must understand not only changes in the natural environment, but also changes in the psychological situation.

Presentation on the topic: Human health

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Health is the first and most important human need, which determines his ability to work and ensures the harmonious development of the individual. It is the most important prerequisite for the knowledge of the surrounding world, for self-affirmation and human happiness. An active long life is an important component of the human factor. Health is the first and most important human need, which determines his ability to work and ensures the harmonious development of the individual. It is the most important prerequisite for the knowledge of the surrounding world, for self-affirmation and human happiness. An active long life is an important component of the human factor. To main

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Physical health is the natural state of the body, due to the normal functioning of all its organs and systems. If all organs and systems work well, then the whole human body (self-regulating system) functions and develops correctly. Physical health is the natural state of the body, due to the normal functioning of all its organs and systems. If all organs and systems work well, then the whole human body (self-regulating system) functions and develops correctly. · Mental health depends on the state of the brain, it is characterized by the level and quality of thinking, the development of attention and memory, the degree of emotional stability, the development of volitional qualities. · Moral health is determined by those moral principles that are the basis of a person's social life, i.e. life in a particular human society. The hallmarks of a person's moral health are, first of all, a conscious attitude to work, mastery of the treasures of culture, an active rejection of mores and habits that are contrary to a normal way of life. To main

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A healthy lifestyle (HLS) is a lifestyle based on the principles of morality, rationally organized, active, labor, tempering and, at the same time, protecting from adverse environmental influences, allowing to maintain moral, mental and physical health until old age. A healthy lifestyle (HLS) is a lifestyle based on the principles of morality, rationally organized, active, labor, tempering and, at the same time, protecting from adverse environmental influences, allowing to maintain moral, mental and physical health until old age. To main

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The next component of a healthy lifestyle is a balanced diet. When talking about it, one should remember two basic laws, the violation of which is dangerous to health. The next component of a healthy lifestyle is a balanced diet. When talking about it, one should remember two basic laws, the violation of which is dangerous to health. The first law is the balance of received and consumed energy. If the body receives more energy than it consumes, that is, if we receive more food than is necessary for the normal development of a person, for work and well-being, we become fat. Now more than a third of our country, including children, is overweight. And there is only one reason - excess nutrition, which ultimately leads to atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and a number of other ailments. To main

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Second law - conformity chemical composition diet to the physiological needs of the body in nutrients. Nutrition should be varied and meet the needs for proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber. Many of these substances are irreplaceable, since they are not formed in the body, but come only with food. The absence of even one of them, for example, vitamin C, leads to illness, and even death. We get B vitamins mainly from wholemeal bread, and the source of vitamin A and other fat-soluble vitamins are dairy products, fish oil, and liver. The second law is the correspondence of the chemical composition of the diet to the physiological needs of the body for nutrients. Nutrition should be varied and meet the needs for proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber. Many of these substances are irreplaceable, since they are not formed in the body, but come only with food. The absence of even one of them, for example, vitamin C, leads to illness, and even death. We get B vitamins mainly from wholemeal bread, and the source of vitamin A and other fat-soluble vitamins are dairy products, fish oil, and liver. To main

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The state of the environment plays an important role in health: The state of the environment also plays an important role in health: the effect of the "ozone hole" affects the formation of malignant tumors air pollution affects the state of the respiratory tract water pollution affects digestion, sharply worsens the general state of human health, reduces life expectancy To main

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Hardening is a powerful healing tool. It allows you to avoid many diseases, prolong life for many years, maintain high performance. Hardening has a general strengthening effect on the body, increases the tone of the nervous system, improves blood circulation, and normalizes metabolism. Hardening is a powerful healing tool. It allows you to avoid many diseases, prolong life for many years, maintain high performance. Hardening has a general strengthening effect on the body, increases the tone of the nervous system, improves blood circulation, and normalizes metabolism. To main

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It is important to observe the following daily routine: It is important to observe the following daily routine: get up every day at the same time, do regular morning exercises, eat at set hours, alternate mental work with physical exercises, follow the rules of personal hygiene, keep your body, clothes, shoes clean , work and sleep in a well-ventilated area, go to bed at the same time! To main

Basic concepts of human health. Human health and well-being. The definition of health is formulated by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is recognized that health is not just the absence of disease, it is a state of physical, mental and social well-being. In the general concept of health, there are two equivalent components: spiritual health and physical.

The physical health of a person is the health of his body. It depends on the physical activity of a person, rational nutrition, personal hygiene and safe behavior in everyday life, the optimal combination of mental and physical labor, and the ability to relax. It can be preserved and strengthened only by giving up excessive drinking, smoking, drugs and other bad habits. The spiritual health of a person is the health of his mind. It depends on the system of his thinking, attitude to the surrounding world and orientation in this world. It depends on the ability to determine one's position in the environment, one's relationship to people, things, knowledge, etc., and is achieved by the ability to live in harmony with oneself, with relatives, friends and other people, the ability to predict various situations and develop models of one's behavior, taking into account the need , opportunities and desires. In addition, it is customary to distinguish between individual and public health (population health). Individual health is the personal health of a person, which largely depends on him, on his worldview, and ultimately on his culture - the culture of health. Public health consists of the state of health of all members of society and depends mainly on political, socio-economic and natural factors.

Health Assessment

Indicators are used to assess health in biomedical research physical development. Body functions are evaluated in terms of mental and physical performance, and adaptive reserves in terms of biochemical, hormonal and immune status. The morbidity index reflects the prevalence of diseases, which is determined by the ratio of the number of diseases per year, multiplied by 1000 and related to the average population. This indicator is a collective designation of negative health indicators, which are considered in sanitary statistics as criteria for the state of health. The concept of "environment" was discussed in detail earlier. Includes a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. Anthropogenic factors generated by a person and his economic activity often have a negative impact on a person, his living conditions and health status.

At the UN conference in 1972 in Stockholm, a declaration was adopted, which states that a person is both a product and a creator of his environment, giving him a physical basis for life and the possibility of intellectual, moral, social and spiritual development. Thus, for human well-being and the exercise of fundamental human rights, including the right to life, two aspects are important - the natural environment and the one created by man. In this sector of living conditions at the end of the 20th century. the most dangerous tendencies for humans are concentrated, since the depletion of natural resources and environmental pollution occur faster than people manage to replace them with artificial conditions. These trends have become most acute in large industrial regions and cities.

On fig. 19.4 according to T.A. Akimova, V.V. Haskin (1994) clearly shows the inevitability with which flows of matter, energy and information converge to the building and to the car with a red cross, which a person builds up in the environment and passes through himself through his activity.

Rice. 19.4. The relationship of environmental factors that form the complex

stressful effects on a person (according to T. A. Akimova, V. V. Khaskin, 1994)

An essential component of these influences is social stress, psychological tension that has gripped the masses of people, due to the acceleration of the pace of life and social changes.

Human health.

Teacher: Our journey to the land of Security continues. Our assistants: the Wise Owl (she always knows about everything), Grandfather-Rifmoed (he always composes about everything) and the Asking Bunny (just very curious) are already here and ready to help us. Today, we will talk about human health.

Wise Owl: The greatest and main value of a person is his health. Therefore, it must be preserved and strengthened. This always requires: 1, 2, etc. read as first, second, etc. 1. Follow the daily routine; 2. Eat right. 3. Take a shower after sleep - in the morning, and before going to bed - in the evening. 4. Wash at least once a week with soap and a washcloth. 5. Trim nails and hair. 6. Keep your clothes and shoes clean. 7. Don't forget to clean up your home and classroom.

Daily walks in the fresh air, morning exercises and physical education, hardening will help you improve your health.

Grandfather-Rhymerist: Let winter smile through the window, But it's light and warm in the classroom! We protect our health from an early age. It will save us from pain and trouble!

Teacher: - Do you think it is possible to get sick from non-compliance with personal hygiene? What is personal hygiene? Name the rules of personal hygiene known to you. (Student answers). That's right, cleanliness is the key to health! Dirt and slovenliness in clothes is a disregard for one's health, and uncleanliness is a disrespect not only for oneself, but also for the people around. As a rule, lazy people are dirty. Lazy schoolchildren get bored in class, study poorly, they do not want to carry out any assignments, do not like to write cleanly in notebooks, read books. They do not cultivate the habit of working, helping their parents with household chores.

Grandfather-Rhymerist: Lazy children want to live the way one student dreamed about it from B. Zakhoder's poem "Petya is dreaming." If soap would come In the morning to my bed And I would have soap itself, It would be good! If books and notebooks Learned to be in order, Knew all their places - That would be beauty! That would be life then! Know, walk, and rest! Then my mother would stop saying that I'm lazy!

Wise Owl: Remember: Cleanliness is the best beauty. Who is neat - that people are pleasant.

Bunny-Asker: And what does it mean to eat right? Is it big and delicious? Wise Owl: Healthy eating is one of the foundations of a healthy lifestyle. A healthy diet should be regular, varied, rich in vegetables and fruits. What does a person eat? What organs help a person to eat? (Digestive organs). How does this process take place? Food enters the mouth, wetted by saliva, we chew it with our teeth. Further along the esophagus, it enters the stomach. This is where processing begins. From the stomach it enters the small intestine, where it is finally digested with the help of bile and digestive juices. Digested food through the walls of the intestine enters the bloodstream and enters all organs. But not all foods that a person eats are good for health. Meals are prepared in the school cafeteria useful products, so you need to eat everything that our chefs offer. Proper nutrition is a condition of health, improper nutrition leads to disease.

Teacher: Continue the tale: “Once upon a time there was one king. He had a daughter. She only liked sweet things. And she got in trouble." What happened to the princess? - What would you advise her? (Student answers). - Think about whether you eat right?

Grandfather-Rhymist:

Fruits, vegetables for breakfast Children like it very much. From a healthy diet, the cheeks already blush

You need to eat a lot of porridge, Drink kefir and yogurt, And don't forget about the soup, You'll be healthy, my dear!

Wise Owl: Studying at school, doing homework is serious work. In order to

As a result of mastering and studying the discipline

"Medico-biological foundations of life safety"

the student must:

know:

general patterns of the impact of physical factors on a person;

major occupational and regional diseases;

· tasks and principles of hygienic regulation of hazardous and harmful factors of the environment.

be able to evaluate and explain :

· the main patterns of formation and regulation of the physiological functions of the body, exposed to various adverse environmental factors;

Combined action of several harmful substances;

· combined effect of harmful substances and physical factors (noise, vibration, EMF, etc.) on a person;

to get skills:

- use of norms of harmful and traumatic factors in specific conditions of production, life and other types of habitat to preserve and maintain human health.

The course of lectures on the discipline "Medical and biological foundations

Life Safety"

Safety is an acceptable risk.

BJD is a field of scientific knowledge, studying common hazards that threaten every person and develop appropriate ways to protect against them in any human habitat.

Danger - phenomena, processes, objects, properties of objects that can, under certain conditions, cause damage to human health.

Dangers by their nature are probabilistic (i.e. random), potential (i.e. hidden), permanent (i.e. constant, continuous) and total (i.e. universal). Human health is the natural state of the body, characterizing its balance with the environment and the absence of any painful changes.

Health is the main indicator of human life.

Health- relative concept corresponding to the optimal state of the body. The WHO defines it as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

According to this definition, to be healthy is not only not to be sick, but also to have positive physical, mental and social well-being, and these aspects are interconnected.

The main indicators of integral health population are:

The level and harmony of physical development

The level of the functional state of the main systems of the body and the degree of tension of the regulatory mechanisms, indicating its reserve capabilities,

The body's resistance to various adverse factors.

Health status is an indicator of the final impact of environmental factors on people. This refers to both negative and positive and protective interactions.

WHO notes that in the cumulative impact on public health 50% takes lifestyle, 20% - habitat, 20% heredity, 10% - quality of health care. But according to scientists' forecasts, in the next 30-40 years, while maintaining the existing trends in the development of the industry, 50-70% of the health of the Russian population will depend on the quality of the environment.

Currently, 4 million toxic substances are registered in the external environment, and their number increases by 7 thousand annually, about 100 thousand xenobiotics enter the human body, more than 80% of diseases are caused by environmental stress.

When analyzing various aspects of the impact of OS on human health, priority is given to risk factors that directly lead to the occurrence of diseases.

From the moment of birth, the body enters completely new conditions for itself and is forced to adapt the activity of all its organs and systems to them. In the course of individual development, the factors acting on the body are continuously modified, which requires constant functional restructuring. Thus, the process of adapting an organism to climatic, geographical, industrial, and social conditions is a universal phenomenon.

Under adaptation understand all types of innate and acquired adaptive activity, which are provided by certain physiological reactions occurring at the cellular, organ, system and organism level. Protective-adaptive reactions are regulated by a reflex and humoral way, and the main role in these reactions belongs to GND.

The theory of functional systems, formulated by P.K. Anokhin, contributed to the understanding of the patterns of development of reactions of the whole organism to a changing environment. The systems approach made it possible to explain how the body, with the help of self-regulation mechanisms, provides optimal vital functions and how they are carried out under normal and extreme conditions.

The process of self-regulation is cyclical and is carried out on the basis of the "golden rule" - any deviation from the vital level of any factor serves as an impetus for the immediate mobilization of numerous functional systems, restoring this vitally important adaptive result.

Such useful adaptive results useful for the body are: 1 / indicators of the internal environment - the level of oxygen, nutrients, temperature, blood pressure, etc.

2/ results of behavioral activity - food, drink, sexual, etc.

3 / results of social activity - social and individual experience, position in society, etc.

The biological meaning of active adaptation consists in establishing and maintaining the constancy of the internal environment - homeostasis, which allows one to exist in a changed external environment. homeostasis - relative dynamic constancy of the internal environment and some physiological functions of the body (thermoregulation, blood circulation, gas exchange, etc.), supported by self-regulation mechanisms under conditions of fluctuations in internal and external stimuli.

External stimuli - environmental factors in contact with the human body - physical, chemical, psychogenic.

The main constants of homeostasis (body temperature, osmotic pressure of fluids, etc.) are maintained by self-regulation mechanisms that involve the nervous, endocrine, and sensory systems. The range of fluctuations in the parameters of environmental factors, in which the mechanisms of self-regulation function without physiological stress, is small. When parameters deviate from optimal levels, self-regulation mechanisms begin to function with tension, and adaptation mechanisms are activated to maintain homeostasis.

So, adaptation is the process of adapting an organism to changing environmental conditions, i.e. natural, industrial and social conditions.

It provides efficiency, maximum life expectancy and reproduction of the body. If the levels of exposure to factors go beyond the adaptive capabilities of the organism, then additional protective mechanisms are activated that counteract the progression of the pathological process.

Compensatory mechanisms are adaptive reactions aimed at eliminating or weakening functional changes in the body caused by inadequate factors. Compensatory mechanisms serve as an integral part of the body's reserve forces.

Possessing high efficiency, they can maintain a relatively stable homeostasis long enough for the development of stable forms of the adaptation process.

The effectiveness of adaptation depends on the dose of the influencing factor and the individual characteristics of the organism. The dose of exposure and tolerance depend on hereditary characteristics, duration and strength (intensity) of the impact of the factor.

Under extremely strong influences, the stress syndrome can transform into a pathogenetic one and cause the development of diseases.

Basic concepts of health and a healthy lifestyle

Basic concepts about health and healthy lifestyle

Health- a state of complete physical, spiritual (mental) and social well-being, and not just the absence of diseases and physical effects.

physical health - the natural state of a person, due to the normal functioning of all his organs and systems; it depends on the propulsion system, on proper nutrition, from the optimal combination of oral and physical work. In order to have normal physical health, you need a lot of rest (for example, 8 - 9 hours of sleep). Spiritual health depends on:

relationship to the environment;

orientation in this world;

from the ability to determine one's position in society;

from one's attitude to people and things;

muscle systems.

Mental health concept

It is achieved by the ability to live in harmony with oneself, with friends and relatives; forecasting various situations; development of models of their behavior in accordance with the possibilities and desires.

How to determine whether a person is healthy or unhealthy?

This is determined by personal feelings and indicators.

Individual health is determined by:

Preservation and development of biological (reproduction), physiological (respiration, nutrition, excretion, blood circulation), psychophysiological (perception, memory, thinking), social (working capacity) functions with the longest active life.

Public health is made up of the health of individuals. Indicators:

overall mortality;

average life expectancy;

infant mortality.

Public health is affected by:

Natural factors (environmental pollution, housing environment) and social factors (wages, working hours, working conditions, health care, nutritional level).

Healthy lifestyle.

Z.O.Zh. It is an individual maintenance and strengthening of health.

Components of Z.O.Zh.:

1) moderate and balanced nutrition;

2) daily routine, taking into account the dynamics of individual biorhythms;

3) sufficient physical activity;

4) hardening of the body;

5) personal hygiene;

6) competent environmental behavior;

7) mental hygiene and the ability to manage their emotions;

8) sexual education;

9) giving up bad habits;

10) safe behavior at home, on the street, at school, ensuring the prevention of injuries and poisoning.

Today, unfortunately, in our country, 2/3 of the population do not go in for sports, 70 million people. smoke.

The relationship between the concept of a healthy lifestyle and the prevention of diseases.

The importance of observing the rules of personal and public hygiene.

Hygiene- this is an area that studies the influence of living conditions, work on a person and develops the prevention of various diseases; providing optimal conditions for existence; preserving health and prolonging life.

Personal hygiene- a set of hygiene rules, the implementation of which contributes to the preservation and promotion of health.

For personal hygiene you need:

Reasonable combination of mental and physical health;

Physical education;

hardening;

Balanced diet;

Alternation of work and outdoor activities;

Complete sleep.

Health, as defined by WHO, is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The health of a person and society as a whole depends on many social, natural and biological factors. Scientists argue that the health of the people is determined by 50-55% by lifestyle (OL), by 20-25% by environmental factors, by 20% by biological (hereditary) factors and by 10% by medicine.

Lifestyle is a set of typical types of life activity of a person, a social group, society as a whole, which is taken in unity with the conditions of life. This concept is quite broad. Recently, in the OL, more and more often, such two of its components are distinguished - healthy lifestyle and non-healthy lifestyle. Although the concept of “healthy lifestyle” has been established in our society relatively recently (in the 80s of the 20th century), however, the people have always used the norms and rules of a healthy lifestyle, throughout the history of mankind.

Scientific and technological progress has dramatically changed (and continues to change) human labor activity. V modern conditions the role of mental labor is constantly increasing, and the share of physical labor is decreasing. All this leads to the fact that knowledge workers in the course of their professional activities, as a rule, do not receive physical activity in the required (sufficient) volume and quality. But the human body still needs these loads. Consequently, only physical culture, sports, tourism become practically the most effective and economical way to provide physical activity for a modern person.

At each stage of its development, humanity has always had in its arsenal such norms of life that ultimately were aimed at the creation and creation of material and spiritual values, at the transformation and prosperity of society, at the development of man, at the disclosure of his moral traits, mental and physical abilities. and opportunities. The progressiveness of mankind, in the final analysis, has always been predetermined by its ability for self-improvement, for the most complete development of the person himself, for him (mankind) to maintain a normal and only reasonable healthy lifestyle.

It seems that we need to more clearly understand the very concept of a healthy lifestyle.

Below we present some of the definitions of healthy lifestyle that take place in the literature:

"A healthy lifestyle is a rational lifestyle, an integral feature of which is vigorous activity aimed at maintaining and improving health."

“A healthy lifestyle… can be described as an active activity of people, aimed primarily at maintaining and improving health.”

“A healthy lifestyle is such a purposeful form of behavior that ensures the preservation and long-term maintenance of mental and physical health, as well as increasing the adaptive capabilities of the body.”

“A healthy way of life is, first of all, a cultural way of life, civilized, humanistic.”

"A healthy lifestyle ... is understood as one in which the body's reserves are preserved or expanded."

“A healthy lifestyle is a typical set of forms and methods of everyday cultural life of a person, based on cultural norms, values, meanings of activity and strengthening the adaptive capabilities of the body.”

“A healthy lifestyle is a mobile combination of forms, methods of daily life that comply with hygienic principles, strengthen the adaptive and resistant capabilities of the body, contribute to the effective restoration, maintenance and development of reserve capabilities, the optimal performance of social and professional functions by a person.”

From our point of view, the nature and target orientation of the concept of healthy lifestyle is predetermined by the word "healthy". The adjective "healthy", being derived from the noun "health", thus, carries all the main qualitative characteristics of the latter. In this regard, we note once again that health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being.

It seems to us that the concept of a healthy lifestyle should reflect such provisions that have historically developed in our society, which will help to clearly define and separate a healthy lifestyle from its antipode - non-healthy lifestyle.

And, therefore, we should talk about life:

aspiring to the future. A healthy lifestyle has always been aimed at solving global problems related to ensuring the infinity of human existence;

creative Therefore, we are talking about life activities aimed at creating material and spiritual values, at ensuring peace and prosperity, at educating the younger generation, more prepared for life;

restorative and health-improving. After hard work, a person must be able to fully restore his vitality, constantly carry out a certain minimum of rehabilitation and recreational activities, use the natural forces of nature for this - the sun, air, water, the beauty of nature, and so on;

developing. Each person must learn to develop and improve, strengthen and maintain their physical qualities and abilities, their health by means of physical culture and sports.

Based on the foregoing, we propose the following definition of healthy lifestyle.

A healthy lifestyle is a set of norms and rules of life that have been historically tested by time and practice, aimed at ensuring that a person:

knew how to work highly efficiently and economically, rationally expend strength, knowledge and energy in the course of his professional, socially useful activity;

possessed the skills and abilities to restore and improve the body after hard work;

constantly deepened his moral convictions, enriched himself spiritually, developed and improved his physical qualities and abilities;

independently maintained and strengthened their health and completely rejected the harmful habits of self-destructive behavior.

In this way, health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being.

Public Health - a characteristic of the individual levels of health of members of society, which reflects the likelihood of each reaching maximum health and creative longevity.

Criteria for assessing "health for all" according to WHO:

Share of gross national product spent on healthcare needs;

Availability of primary health care;

Coverage of the population with safe (corresponding to sanitary standards) water supply;

Availability of qualified medical care during pregnancy and childbirth;

Child mortality rate, nutritional status of children;

Average life expectancy.

The main criterion for assessing the state of the environment in a region is the health of the population living in a given territory. 50% of the level of health depends on the individual lifestyle, 25% - on the influence of the environment, 15% - on heredity and 10% - on the quality of medical care.

Health A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. This definition existed for 50 years, in 1994 WHO proposed a new definition: "Health is the ability of life to preserve and develop itself and its environment."

Basic health criteria:

Features of ontogeny (data of geneological, biological, social anamnesis);

Physical development;

neuropsychic development;

The level of resistance (a set of non-specific protective mechanisms that cause immunity to infection), a child is considered frequently ill if he has suffered 4 or more acute diseases during the year;

The level of the functional state of the body;

The presence or absence of chronic diseases or congenital malformations.

According to the state of health, children are divided into 5 groups, which in the process of observation may vary depending on the level of development and the presence of changes in the state of health of the child.

1 group - healthy children with normal physical and neuropsychic development, who do not have chronic pathology and rarely suffer from acute diseases.

Group 2 (risk group) - children who do not have chronic diseases, but have functional abnormalities, abnormalities in growth and development, who have had infectious diseases, who are often ill (more than 4-5 times a year), who were born to mothers with a burdened obstetric history, who are at risk of developing chronic pathology, i.e. e. children in need of rehabilitation, treatment, prevention. In group 2, groups 2A and 2B can be distinguished.

Group 2A - healthy children with a burdened history (extragenital pathology in the mother, burdened obstetric history).

Group 2B - healthy children with a simultaneous burden of social, genealogical and biological history, as well as the presence of a number of syndromes in the fetus and newborn, which can further affect the growth, development and formation of the child's health, as well as borderline and functional deviations due to age. These include premature, immature, children with intrauterine infection, who have undergone asphyxia, birth trauma, as well as with rickets of the 1st degree, deficiency or excess of weight of 1-2 degrees, posture defects, flattened feet, functional changes in organs.

3rd group - children with congenital defects in the development of organs and systems or the presence of chronic pathology in the compensation stage, i.e. rare exacerbations that are not severe in nature without a pronounced violation of the general condition and well-being, rare intercurrent diseases (1-3 times a year), functional deviations only one pathologically altered system or organ without clinical manifestations of functional abnormalities of other organs and systems.

4 group - children with congenital defects in the development of organs and systems or the presence of a chronic disease in the stage of subcompensation, determined by functional deviations not only of a pathologically altered organ, system, but also of other organs and systems, with frequent exacerbations of the underlying disease, with a violation of the general condition, well-being after an exacerbation in the period convalescence.

5 group - children with severe birth defects development or severe chronic pathology with a long period of decompensation, i.e. threatened by disability or disabled.

Health is a holistic multidimensional dynamic state of the body, providing a certain level of viability and vitality due to fundamental properties - self-regulation and adaptability. Consequently, the degree of development of a person's ability to adapt determines the level of his stability, ultimately health.

There are different health conditions:

The state of optimal adaptive capabilities (full health);

The state of tension of regulatory and metabolic systems (prenosological form of health);

The state of reduced functional reserves (premorbid form of health disorders);

A state of failure of adaptation (a clinically manifesting form of a health disorder).

Disease - this is a complex general reaction of the body to the damaging effect of environmental factors; a qualitatively new life process, accompanied by structural, metabolic and functional changes of a destructive and adaptive nature in organs and tissues, leading to a decrease in the body's adaptability and disability.

The doctrine of the causes and conditions for the occurrence and development of diseases is called etiology.

Classification of the causes of the disease:

Mechanical (impact, compression, rupture, etc.)

Physical (sound, noise, ionizing radiation, electric current, temperature, electromagnetic fields, etc.);

Chemical (alcohol, nicotine, heavy metals, pesticides, acids and alkalis, aromatic solvents, etc.);

Biological (microorganisms and their metabolic products, helminths, viruses, fungi, etc.);

social factors.

Factors that influence the occurrence and development of diseases are called the conditions for the occurrence of the disease. Unlike the cause, the conditions are not necessary for the development of the disease. Conditions can be internal and external. Internal include hereditary predisposition to the disease, pathological constitution (diathesis), early or senile age. To external - malnutrition, overwork, neurotic conditions, previously transferred illnesses.

In the development of a number of diseases, one can distinguish:

1) Latent period (for infectious diseases - incubation). It starts from the moment of exposure to the causative factor and continues until the first signs of the disease.

2) Prodromal period - from the appearance of the first signs of the disease to the full manifestation of the symptoms of the disease;

3) The period of clinical manifestations - characterized by a detailed clinical picture of the disease;

4) The outcome of the disease. Recovery (complete or incomplete), the transition of the disease into a chronic form or death are possible.

One of the important conditions preventing the development of diseases is the continuously developing process of fulfilling human needs.

Need - the body's need for something that lies outside it, but at the same time is a necessary component of life. By origin, they make up two groups - natural (biological) and social (cultural). On the subject - material and spiritual.

The very first level of needs, without which nothing else is possible, are physiological: in food, water, oxygen, sleep, clothing, reproduction, etc. The second level of human needs is the need for security and protection from criminals, poverty, disease, etc. Satisfying the needs of the second level creates an opportunity for the development of the needs of the third level: in affection, good attitude, desire to be accepted in society. If all three levels are satisfied, new desires arise. This is the need for respect (recognition, approval) - the fourth level.

Topic: General concept of health.

Goals: a) educational: Learn new concepts.

b) educational, developing Develop imagination, ingenuity, cognitive interest. To cultivate logical thinking, attention, verbal-logical memory.

Lesson type: A lesson in communicating new knowledge.

Lesson equipment: Interactive whiteboard, laptop, drawing supplies, notes, books.

DURING THE CLASSES

1) Organizational moment: Greeting the group, checking the duty, the state of the office, the presence of students, readiness for classes.

2) Reporting the topic of the lesson, setting goals and objectives: Actualization and motivation of cognitive activity of students.

3) Presentation of new material. Methodology:

Health is the main value of life, it occupies the highest level in the hierarchy . Health is one of the most important components of human happiness and one of the leading conditions for successful social and economic development. Realization of the intellectual, moral, spiritual, physical and reproductive potential is possible only in a healthy society.

The concept itself"health" sounds like in englishHealth fromWhole (Anglo-Saxon) -whole, whole, which already implies the complexity, integrity and multidimensionality of this state.

Galen in the 11th century BC. defined health as a state "in which we do not experience pain and which does not prevent us from performing the functions of our daily life: to participate in leadership, to wash, drink, eat and do whatever else we want."

Back in the early 40s of the XX century, the concept of “health” was given the following definition: “A person who is distinguished by harmonious development and is well adapted to his physical and social environment can be considered healthy. Health does not simply mean the absence of disease: it is something positive, it is a cheerful and willing fulfillment of the duties that life imposes on a person ”(G. Sigerist, pit. by: E.A. Ovcharov, 2002).

The founder of valeology I.I. Brekhman (1966) considered human health "as the ability to maintain age-appropriate stability in the face of abrupt changes in the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the triune flow of sensory, verbal and structural information."

In 1985, the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted the concept of "Health for all by the year 2000", which determined the strategy and tactics of all developed countries to create conditions for ensuring and developing the health of the population.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO),health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

According to leading Russian scientists, this definition is not specific. For example, A. G. Shchedrina offers the following formulation: “Health is a holistic multidimensional dynamic state (including its positive and negative indicators) that develops ... in a specific social and environmental environment and allows a person ... to exercise his biological and social functions.

Analyzing these formulations, it can be noted that the first of them considers health in statics, as something given, i.e. You either have health or you don't. The second definition represents health in dynamics, shows that health is formed as the organism develops; moreover, the definition emphasizes that health is genetically programmed. And whether the program is implemented depends on specific biological and social factors (i.e., the surrounding biological environment and upbringing), under the influence of which a person will live and develop. Obviously, here we are talking about the fact that although health has congenital prerequisites (positive or negative), it is formed during a long ontogenesis, starting from the moment of fertilization of the egg (conception).

S.Ya. Chikin (1976) sees in health the harmonious interaction and functioning of all organs and systems of a person with his physical perfection and normal psyche, which allow him to actively participate in socially useful work.

One of the founders of space biology and medicine P.M. Bayevsky (1979) considered the adaptability of the body to be the determining factor in health: "The ability of the human body to adapt to changes in the environment, freely interacting with it, based on the biological, psychological and social essence of a person."

N.D. Graevskaya (1979) in the concept of "health" includes an assessment of the level of functional capabilities of the body, the range of its compensatory-adaptive reactions in extreme conditions, i.e. the ability to adapt to the increased requirements of the environment without pathological manifestations.

Thus, taking into account the biosocial essence of a person, Yu.P. Lisitsyn (1986) considers human health as a harmonious unity of biological and social qualities due to congenital and acquired mechanisms.

V.P. Kaznacheev (1980) defines human health as a process of maintaining and developing its biological, physiological and psychological capabilities, optimal social activity with a maximum life expectancy. At the same time, attention is drawn to the need to create such conditions and such hygienic systems that would ensure not only the preservation of human health, but also its development.

ON THE. Agadzhanyan (1979, 2006), studying human biological rhythms, concludes that health is the optimal ratio of interrelated endogenous rhythms of physiological processes and their correspondence to external cyclic changes.

The famous cardiac surgeon N.M. Amosov (1987) considered health as “the level of the body's functional capabilities, the range of its compensatory-adaptive reactions in extreme conditions, i.e.reserve capacity of the organism.

Currently, there is no experimental justification given by E.N. Weiner definition of health: “Health is such a state of the body that gives a person the opportunity to realize his genetic program to the maximum extent in the conditions of the sociocultural existence of this person” (E.N. Weiner, 1998). However, not only the degree of implementation of the human genetic program, but also the functional purpose of genes have not yet been studied.

The physiological (medical-biological) approach, based on the basic principles of the life of the organism, was taken as the basis for determining the health of R.I. Aizman (1997): "Health is the body's ability to maintain its psychophysiological stability (homeostasis) in conditions of adaptation to various environmental factors and loads."

Modern definition of health

Modern concept health allows you to highlight its main components - physical, psychological and behavioral.

Physical the component includes the level of growth and development of organs and systems of the body, as well as the current state of their functioning. The basis of this process is morphological and functional transformations and reserves that ensure physical performance and adequate adaptation of a person to external conditions.

Psychological component is the state of the mental sphere, which is determined by motivational-emotional, mental and moral-spiritual components. Its basis is the state of emotional and cognitive comfort, which ensures mental performance and adequate human behavior. This state is due to both biological and social needs, as well as the ability to meet these needs.

behavioral component is an external manifestation of the human condition. It is expressed in the degree of adequacy of behavior, the ability to communicate. It is based on a life position (active, passive, aggressive) and interpersonal relationships that determine the adequacy of interaction with the external environment (biological and social) and the ability to work effectively.

Modern living conditions put forward increased demands on the health of young people. Therefore, the main thing for young people is to be healthy.

4) Consolidation of the studied material. Methodology:

Modern definitions of health

5) Summing up the lesson: Conclusion about the achievement of the goal of the lesson.

6) Task for independent work of students during extracurricular time:

L4, Chapter 1, §1-4.

The central concepts of valeology and medicine are "health" (from lat. valetudo, sanitas) and "disease" (from lat. morbus, Greek pathos), the interaction between which can be designated as "the unity and struggle of opposites". These are extremely complex, multilevel and multidimensional concepts. It is precisely with this circumstance, apparently, that the absence of completely satisfying perfect definitions of these terms is connected until now. Moreover, one can even come to outwardly opposite interpretations if we consider them at different levels. In particular, from the point of view of philosophers, “disease” at the individual level can be defined as a violation of adaptive mechanisms, at a higher, population level, one can say that “disease” is adaptation, adaptation to new environmental conditions.

There are many definitions of the concept of "health", and each specialist interprets it from his own standpoint, based on the essence of the relevant science. Thus, hygienists believe that health is the optimal interaction of the human body with the environment; physiologists believe that health is the ability to maintain homeostasis, i.e. the relative constancy of the internal environment of the body; philosophers and sociologists give the following definition: health is a state of optimal functioning of the body, allowing it to best perform its social functions; or health is something more than the absence of disease and injury, it is the ability to fully work, rest, perform the functions inherent in a person, live freely and joyfully. And each of the definitions is legitimate, since in violation of health there is both one and the other, and the third. Health is both a medical and a social category at the same time; it is also a category of psychological, philosophical, economic, etc.

The generally accepted definition of health is given in the Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO): "Health - it is a state of complete physical, mental (mental) and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease. Unfortunately, this interpretation is not aimed at a quantitative assessment of health, it contradicts the currently observed trend in the change in the health of the population, being designed for an ideal variant of health, and, finally, considers health only in statics, although this is a dynamic process of formation of a growing organism and personality , which changes throughout subsequent life. However, it is precisely this definition that is inherent in a holistic anthropological approach, which optimally reflects the combination of biological and social in a person.

It becomes clear that the actual "health" can have different aspects, or components.

physical health - it is not only the absence of diseases, but also a certain level of physical development (and its harmony), physical fitness and the functional state of the body.

According to the WHO definition mental (spiritual, mental) health is a state of well-being in which a person can realize their own potential, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully, and contribute to their community.

Mental health criteria as defined by WHO are:

• awareness and feeling of continuity, constancy and identity of one's physical and mental "I";
• a sense of constancy and identity of experience in situations of the same type;
• criticality to oneself and one's own mental production (activity) and its results;
• compliance of mental reactions (adequacy) with the strength and frequency of environmental influences, social circumstances and situations;
• the ability to self-govern behavior in accordance with social norms, rules, laws;
• the ability to plan one's own life and implement these plans;
• the ability to change the way of behavior depending on the change in life situations and circumstances.

It is also customary to single out spiritual, moral and social health.

Spiritual health - it is a system of human thinking, its values, beliefs and attitude to the world around.

moral health is determined by those moral principles that are the basis of the social life of the reosnka, i.e. life in a particular human society. Distinctive signs of moral health are, first of all, a conscious attitude to work, mastery of the treasures of culture, active rejection of mores and habits that are contrary to a healthy lifestyle.

social health means the ability to communicate with other people in the conditions of the surrounding social environment and the presence of personal relationships that bring satisfaction.

The report of the WHO Expert Committee "Mental health and psychosocial development of children" states that the main condition for normal psychosocial development (in addition to a healthy nervous system) is a calm and friendly environment created by the constant presence of parents or persons in their stead. It is emphasized that at the same time, the child should be given more autonomy and independence, give him the opportunity to communicate with other children and adults outside the home and provide appropriate conditions for learning. "Many children do not have these conditions," the report states.

Based on the analysis of the results of numerous studies in various countries, WHO experts have convincingly shown that mental health disorders are much more common in children who suffer from insufficient communication with adults and their hostile attitude, as well as in children who grow up in a family discord.

These same studies found that childhood mental health problems have two important specific traits :

• firstly, they represent only quantitative deviations from the normal process of mental development;
• secondly, many of their manifestations can be seen as a reaction to specific situations.

So, children often experience serious difficulties in one situation, but successfully cope with them in another. For example, they may have behavioral problems at school but behave normally at home, or vice versa.

Most children at one time or another under the influence of certain situations may develop disorders of the emotional sphere or behavior. For example, there may be unreasonable fears, sleep disturbances, eating disorders, etc. Usually these disturbances are temporary.

WHO experts paid particular attention to the fact that it is in childhood that mental health problems are more directly related to the environment than in other age periods.

In most cases, neuropsychiatric disorders do not occur suddenly, but have a long history of their development, manifesting themselves as certain problems of age-related mental development and, more broadly, problems of personality formation. To recognize these problems in time means to warn not only once development of nervousness, but also manifestations of undesirable deviations in behavior and development.

It should be noted that the concepts of norm and health do not coincide due to the fact that the damage that occurred at the lower levels of integration of the organism can be compensated by the regulatory mechanisms of higher levels, which ensures health at the level of the whole organism.

There are following levels integration, or structural organizations.

• 1. The simplest microsystem that combines the molecular, subcellular and cellular levels is a tissue functional element.
• 2. An organ as a whole is an active complex of simple functional elements.
• 3. This is followed by specific anatomical and physiological systems (organs and transport and communication paths between them).
• 4. Generalized functional systems - a combination of specific anatomical and physiological systems aimed at performing any function, achieving a useful result (the theory of functional systems of the physiologist II. K. Anokhin).
• 5. A holistic organism unites all previous levels; it is with this highest level of integration that the states of health or illness in a person are associated, which are the result of the interaction of external factors (environmental, social, etc.) and internal (the state of various levels of integration).

The concept of "disease" is no less complex than the concept of "health". An analysis of the literature, in particular the Great Medical Encyclopedia, shows that attempts to define this complex category have also been unsuccessful so far. The above formulations are either too cumbersome, in which case they cease to be a definition, or are very short, and the one-sidedness introduced by the specialist is inevitable.

The term "disease" is used in several ways:

• in a narrow sense to refer to the disease of an individual (coincides with the term "disease");
• to designate the concept of "disease" as a nosological form;
• in a broader sense to refer to the general concept of the disease as a biological and social phenomenon.

Researchers base their definitions of this concept on various criteria. So, in the definition of R. Descartes (subsequently quoted by K. Marx): “Illness is a life constrained in its freedom” - the fact of violation of vital activity is emphasized. Some authors use an even narrower criterion - disability or well-being, which is not always the case with a disease; others - allocate a violation of homeostasis, a violation of the structure and function at the level of the whole organism or an imbalance of the organism with the environment. In particular, S. P. Botkin believed: “Any imbalance that is not restored by the adaptive ability of the body appears to us in the form of a disease.”

Here is one of the most common definitions of the concept of “disease” in the literature: it is a state and process of interaction between structural and functional disorders and protective and adaptive reactions of the whole organism, which occur under the influence of external and (or) internal causes, and, as a rule, lead to disruption of vital activity. At the same time, trauma (damage) is a special case of a disease that occurs under the influence of external factors.

In this definition, it is noted that each disease is a suffering of the whole organism, since the whole organism reacts to it, although sometimes it seems that local changes (trauma, boils) predominate.

Health and disease as a state of the body are qualitatively different, but at the same time they are in dialectical unity. In most cases, there is no clear boundary between the state of health and disease, the norm and pathology.

There are so-called borderline or transitional states from health to illness, the study of which is a very important but little explored area. Otherwise, these conditions are called prepathological, prenosological, or premorbid, i.e. premorbid.

“Pre-illness begins with a violation of the optimal interaction of the body with the external environment. Deviations appear in some indicators (homeostasis is disturbed), although health is maintained at the level of the whole organism due to compensatory mechanisms. The transition from health to illness is characterized by a number of features, general and specific, characteristic of each patient and disease. The onset of the disease is associated with the insufficiency of the reliability mechanisms that maintain the state of health, in connection with which new mechanisms of vital activity are switched on, which already characterize the pathology ”(A. M. Chernukh, 1981). There are significant difficulties both in studying prepathological conditions in experiments on animals and in recognizing them in humans, while an important role belongs to the development of new informative methods for assessing the functional state of the body. A number of complex methods have already been created for diagnosing pre-illness conditions in conditions of overtraining in athletes, in working conditions, monitoring the health status of astronauts according to the degree of intensity of heart rate regulation (method of variational pulsometry by R. M. Baevsky), etc.

According to I. I. Brekhman, most people are in this third state, intermediate between health and illness.

All three concepts (health, illness and pre-illness) can be combined by the term "state of health", which includes elements of each of them.

General characteristics of health indicators

The health status of the population is influenced by the following conditions and factors: biopsychological factors, working and rest conditions, living conditions, ecological situation and natural conditions in the place of residence, health care system, socio-economic and political conditions (Fig. 11.1).

Rice. 11.1.

Criteria for the state of health are the indicators by which we can evaluate it. The following criteria indicators are distinguished: a) the state of health of the population, or public health (demographic and medical-statistical);

b) indicators of the health status of the individual (medical and hygienic).

Public health as a characteristic of members of society as a whole is not only a medical concept, it is a social, socio-political and economic category, as well as an object of social policy; it needs to be measured, accurately quantified.

We can judge the health of society but by such demographic indicators as birth rates, mortality rates, natural population growth, average life expectancy, as well as medical and statistical indicators: morbidity - general, infectious (epidemic), non-epidemic, with temporary disability and some others which are studied by a science called social hygiene. If the birth rate is high, the death rate is low, the members of the society live long and rarely get sick, we can say that the society is relatively healthy.

The main demographic indicators are usually calculated per 1,000 people of the population.

The coefficient, or annual indicator, of the birth rate is determined by the number of live births per year, divided by the average annual population in a particular area, and multiplied by 1000.

Average annual population is the population on 1 January of a given year plus the population on 1 January of the following year, divided by two. Most often and most simply, the average population is defined as half the sum of the population at the start and end of the year.

Similarly, the coefficient, or annual rate, of mortality is calculated, but the number of deaths per year is indicated in the numerator.

The coefficient, or indicator, of natural population growth is defined as the difference between birth and death rates, or in absolute numbers - as the ratio of the difference absolute numbers births and deaths to the average annual population.

An analytical assessment of the indicator of natural population growth cannot be made without taking into account the birth and death rates from which it was obtained, since the same increase can be observed both at high and at low birth and death rates. For this purpose, you can use the table. 11.1.

Table 11.1

Approximate indicators of natural movement

population

A high natural increase can be assessed as a favorable phenomenon only with low mortality. Low growth with high mortality is an unfavorable indicator. Low growth with low mortality indicates a low birth rate, and it cannot be regarded as a positive phenomenon either.

Negative natural growth in all cases indicates the unfavorable situation in demographic processes, which has recently been observed in our country.

Of great importance in the analysis of demographic processes is a differentiated study of the natural movement of the population according to its individual groups, i.e. along with the general ones, partial coefficients are calculated, among which the age-specific coefficients are of the greatest importance, taking into account the significant influence of age on birth and death rates.

Thus, the highest mortality is observed in the first year of life, especially during the neonatal period (the first four weeks), and the partial indicators of infant and neonatal mortality are calculated accordingly. The birth rate is due to the presence among the population of a larger or smaller number of women of reproductive (childbearing) age (15-49 years), therefore, a special birth rate is calculated - the fertility rate (general and for individual age groups of women), etc.

Life expectancy is a composite indicator of health status, which is an accumulation of age-specific mortality rates, making it a more reliable indicator of public health than general mortality rates.

Currently, in Russia, the average life expectancy for men is 59 years, for women - 74 years.

The state of health of an individual can be established on the basis of the subjective sensations of a particular person in conjunction with clinical examination data, taking into account gender, age, as well as social, climatic, geographical and meteorological conditions in which a person lives or is temporarily located.

A well-known specialist in the hygiene of children and adolescents, Professor S. M. Trombach (1981) proposed the following medical and hygienic criteria for the health of an individual:

• the presence or absence of chronic diseases;
• functional state of organs and systems;
• the level of achieved physical and neuropsychic development;
• nonspecific resistance (resistance) of the body.

An individual comprehensive assessment of the health status of each child and adolescent ends with the definition of so-called health groups, which can also be used for young people.

Among the factors influencing the state of health, there are also risk factors for the development of diseases and loss of health. Moreover, the most significant risk factor is the lifestyle of the individual (use of psychoactive substances, unbalanced diet, harmful working conditions, poor material and living conditions, loneliness and social isolation, low cultural level); the next most important risk is the hereditary factor (predisposition to certain hereditary diseases). The ecological state of the habitat occupies the third place in terms of significance in the risk group, and the fourth place is occupied by the healthcare structure (Table 11.2).

Table 11.2

Risk factors for disease and health loss

• 1. Healthy, with normal development and a normal level of function.
• 2. Healthy, but with functional and some morphological abnormalities, as well as reduced resistance to acute and chronic diseases.
• 3. Patients with chronic diseases in the stage of compensation, with preserved functionality of the body.
• 4. Patients with chronic diseases in the stage of subcompensation, with reduced functionality of the body.
• 5. Patients with chronic diseases in the stage of decompensation, with significantly reduced functionality of the body. As a rule, children belonging to this group are not able to attend general educational institutions for children.

Assessment of the state of health is given at the time of the examination; acute disease, previous diseases, unless they have acquired a chronic form, the possibility of exacerbation, the stage of recovery, the likelihood of a disease due to heredity or living conditions, are not taken into account.

The presence or absence of diseases is determined during a medical examination with the participation of specialists, the functional state of organs and systems is detected by clinical methods using, if necessary, functional tests.

The degree of resistance of the organism is revealed by susceptibility to diseases. It is judged by the number of acute diseases, including chronic exacerbations, for the previous year.

The level and degree of harmony of physical development is determined by anthropometric studies using regional standards of physical development.

The level of mental development achieved is usually established by a child psychoneurologist who takes part in the examination.

The health of the population is an important component, both for each state and the planet as a whole. The modern health care system is able to support a person and bring him out of a state of illness, even with complex diseases. However, the health of the population depends not only on economic, social and medical indicators, the level of development of medical care in the country and region. An important contribution to the health of the nation is made by each person who understands responsibility and creates conditions for the development, formation and maintenance of a healthy lifestyle.