Lectures: “nonspecific and specific inflammatory diseases of the urinary and male reproductive system. Inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system Purulent inflammatory processes of the genitourinary system

The urinary system of people of any gender consists of the urethra (in men it is longer and narrower), the bladder, ureters and kidneys. The male reproductive system includes the testes, located in the scrotum, the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and the vas deferens. In women, the genitals include the uterus with fallopian tubes, ovaries, vagina, vulva.

The organs of the urinary and reproductive systems are closely related due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure. Inflammation of the genitourinary organs is quite common in both men and women.

Diseases

Due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the urogenital system in women, infection of the urogenital tract with pathogenic microorganisms occurs in them much more often than in men. Female risk factors - age, pregnancy, childbirth. Because of this, the walls of the small pelvis from below weaken and lose the ability to maintain organs at the required level.

Inflammation of the organs of the system is also facilitated by ignoring the rules of personal hygiene.

Among the inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system, the most common are:

• urethritis;
• cystitis;
• pyelonephritis.

in women also:

• endometritis;
• cervicitis;
• colpitis;
• vulvitis.

in men also:

prostatitis.

Moreover, chronic forms of diseases are more common, the symptoms of which are absent in remission.

Urethritis

Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra. The symptoms of this disease are:

• painful difficulty urinating, during which there is a burning sensation; the number of urges to the toilet increases;
• discharge from the urethra, which leads to redness and adhesion of the opening of the urethra;
• a high level of leukocytes in the urine, which indicates the presence of an inflammation focus, but there are no traces of the pathogen.

Depending on the causative agent that caused the urethritis, the disease is divided into two types:

• specific infectious urethritis, for example, as a result of the development of gonorrhea;
• nonspecific urethritis, the causative agent of which is chlamydia, ureaplasma, viruses and other microorganisms (pathogenic and opportunistic).

In addition, the cause of inflammation may not be an infection, but a banal allergic reaction or trauma after incorrect insertion of the catheter.

Cystitis

Cystitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder. This disease is more common in women than in men. Infectious cystitis is caused by E. coli, chlamydia or ureaplasma. However, ingestion of these pathogens does not necessarily cause disease. Risk factors are:

• prolonged sitting, frequent constipation, preference for tight clothing, as a result of which blood circulation in the pelvic region is impaired;
• deterioration of immunity;
• irritating effect on the walls of the bladder of substances that are part of the urine (when eating spicy or overcooked food);
• menopause;
• diabetes;
• congenital pathologies;
• hypothermia.

In the presence of an inflammatory process in other organs of the genitourinary system, there is a high probability of infection in the bladder.

The acute form of cystitis is manifested by the frequent urge to urinate, the process becomes painful, the amount of urine decreases sharply. The appearance of urine changes, in particular, transparency disappears. Pain also appears between the urge in the pubic area. It is dull, cutting or burning in nature. In severe cases, in addition to the indicated symptoms, fever, nausea and vomiting appear.

Pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the renal pelvis is the most dangerous among other infections of the genitourinary system. A common cause of pyelonephritis in women is a violation of the outflow of urine, which happens during pregnancy due to an increase in the uterus and pressure on nearby organs.

In men, this disease is a complication of prostate adenoma, in children - a complication of influenza, pneumonia, etc.

Acute pyelonephritis develops suddenly. First, the temperature rises sharply and weakness, headache and chills appear. Sweating increases. Concomitant symptoms may include nausea and vomiting. In the absence of treatment, there are two pathways for the development of the disease:

• transition to a chronic form;
• the development of suppurative processes in the organ (signs of such are sharp jumps in temperature and a deterioration in the patient's condition).

Endometritis

This disease is characterized by an inflammatory process in the uterus. It is caused by staphylococcus, streptococcus, Escherichia coli and other microbes. The penetration of infection into the uterine cavity is facilitated by ignoring the rules of hygiene, promiscuous sexual intercourse, and a decrease in general immunity.

In addition, inflammation can develop as a result of complicated surgical procedures, such as abortion, probing, or hysteroscopy.

The main symptoms of the disease are:

• temperature increase;
• pain in the lower abdomen;
• vaginal discharge (bloody or purulent).

Cervicitis

Inflammation of the cervix occurs as a result of a sexually transmitted infection entering its cavity. Viral diseases can also provoke the development of cervicitis: herpes, papilloma, etc. Any damage (during childbirth, abortion, medical manipulations) is the cause of the disease due to a violation of the integrity of the mucous membrane.

Clinical manifestations are typical for the inflammatory process:

• discomfort during intercourse, sometimes pain;
• vaginal discharge of a mucous nature;
• discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen;
• rise in temperature, general malaise.

Colpitis

Colpitis, or vaginitis - inflammation of the vagina, which is caused by Trichomonas, candidiasis fungi, herpes viruses, E. coli. At the same time, the patient complains of symptoms:

• discharge;
• heaviness in the lower abdomen or in the vaginal area;
• burning;
• discomfort while urinating.

During the examination, the doctor observes hyperemia, edema of the mucous membrane, rashes, pigmented formations. In some cases, erosive patches appear.

Vulvitis

Inflammation of the external genital organs. These include the pubis, labia, hymen (or its remains), the vestibule of the vagina, Bartholin's glands, and the bulb. Vulvitis is caused by infectious agents: streptococci, E. coli, chlamydia, etc.

The provoking factors are:

• oral sex;
• taking antibiotics, hormones and drugs that suppress the immune system;
• diabetes;
• leukemia;
• oncological diseases;
• inflammatory processes in other organs of the genitourinary system;
• urinary incontinence;
• frequent masturbation;
• taking an excessively hot bath;
• lack of personal hygiene.

The presence of an inflammatory process can be detected by the following symptoms:

• redness of the skin;
• swelling;
• pain in the vulva;
• burning and itching;
• the presence of bubbles, plaque, ulcers.

Prostatitis

Inflammation of the prostate gland. The chronic form of the disease affects about 30% of men from 20 to 50 years old. There are two groups, depending on the cause of the occurrence:

• Infectious prostatitis caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi
• stagnant prostatitis, which occurs due to the corresponding processes in the prostate gland (in violation of sexual activity, sedentary work, preference for tight underwear, alcohol abuse).

There are risk factors that further provoke the development of the inflammatory process. These include:

• decreased immunity;
• hormonal disorders;
• inflammatory processes in nearby organs.

The disease can be identified by its characteristic symptoms. The patient feels unwell, which may be accompanied by an increase in temperature, complains of pain in the perineum and frequent urge to urinate. The chronic form of prostatitis can be asymptomatic and remind of itself only during periods of exacerbation.

Diagnostics

Before prescribing treatment, patients with suspected inflammation of the organs of the genitourinary system need a urological examination.

The inspection includes:

• ultrasound examination of the kidneys, bladder;
• examination of urine and blood;
• it is possible to carry out cystoscopy, computed tomography, pyelography according to individual indications.

The results of the examination determine what diagnosis will be made and what treatment is prescribed to the patient.

Treatment

To stop the inflammatory process, medications are used.

The goal of etiological treatment is to eliminate the cause of the disease. To do this, you need to correctly identify the pathogen and its sensitivity to antibacterial agents. Common causative agents of urinary tract infections are E. coli, enterococcus, staphylococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The selection of the drug takes into account the type of pathogen and the individual characteristics of the patient's body. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are often prescribed. The selectivity of these drugs is high, the toxic effect on the body is minimal.

Symptomatic treatment is aimed at eliminating the general and local symptoms of the disease.

During treatment, the patient is under the strict supervision of a physician.

You can speed up the healing process by observing the following rules:

• Consume a sufficient amount of water per day and at least 1 tbsp. cranberry juice without sugar.
• Exclude salty and spicy foods from the diet.
• Limit the use of sweet and starchy foods during treatment.
• Maintain hygiene of the external genitalia.
• Use acidic soap (Lactophil or Femina).
• Cancel visits to public waters, including jacuzzis and pools.
• Refuse from frequent changes of sexual partners.

Attention should also be paid to increasing immunity. This will avoid relapses of the disease.

Inflammation of the genitourinary system is a common problem in modern society. Therefore, regular check-ups and preventive visits to the doctor should become the norm.

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Most of the pathologies that occur in people who are sexually active are due to the defeat of the urogenital complex.

Inflammatory processes affecting the genitourinary system lead to unpleasant long-term consequences, such as infertility.

Anatomy

The organs related to the urinary system in men and women are the same. They consist of such organs, anatomical formations:

1. Kidneys.
2. Ureters.
3. Bladder.
4. Urethra.

The only difference between the female and male urinary system is that the urethra in women is much shorter and wider than in men.

Because of this structural feature, inflammation of the lower urinary tract is much more common in females.

The male reproductive system consists of the following organs:

1. Penis.
2. Testicles.
3. The epididymis.
4. Prostate.

The testicles with appendages are located in the scrotum, a multilayered sac that is carried outside the body.

Due to this arrangement, a low temperature is maintained in the testes so that the sperm remain active.

The female genital complex has a complex structure. More organs belong:

1. Uterus.
2. The fallopian tubes.
3. The ovaries.
4. Cervix.
5. Vagina.
6. Vulva.
7. Small, large labia.
8. Bartholin's glands.

Inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system in women are more common in reproductive age, when they are sexually active. Pathologies are acute or chronic.

In men, diseases appear at an older age. They are characterized by a chronic course. The prostate and testicles are located far from the external urethral opening, and pathogens are difficult to reach.

Causes

In most cases, inflammatory pathologies of the urogenital complex are caused by bacteria.

It is customary to isolate specific, non-specific pathogens. Non-specific microorganisms include those that cause organ damage.

For example, staphylococcus aureus causes inflammation of the bladder, uterus, prostate. But pale treponema causes exclusively syphilis.

In addition to bacteria, inflammation of the genitourinary system is caused by the following factors:

• Viruses.
• Fungi.
• Injuries.
• Autoimmune, allergic processes.

Bacteria cause most of the pathologies, provoking factors include:

• Sexual intercourse without the use of barrier contraceptives.
• Violation of the norms of intimate hygiene.
• The presence of chronic infectious foci in the body.
• Hypothermia.
• Strong emotional stress.

The clinical picture of the inflammatory process depends on the localization of the affected organs.

Classification

Based on the localization of the pathological process, the following types of inflammation of the genitourinary system are distinguished:

• Diseases of the urinary tract: urethritis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis.
• Pathologies of the male genital organs:, orchitis, epididymitis, balanoposthitis.
• Diseases of the female genital organs: vulvovaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis.

These pathologies are accompanied by symptoms, on the basis of which a presumptive diagnosis is made.

Urethritis and cystitis

Isolated urethritis is extremely rare. It develops in the presence of a traumatic factor.

Traumatic inflammation of the urethra occurs during manipulations such as bladder catheterization.

With the introduction of a urinary catheter, the mucous membrane is traumatized. The damaged area becomes the gateway for infection.

Cystitis is considered a common pathology of the urogenital complex in women. In men, it is rare, more often as a complication of prostatitis or prostate adenoma.

Thanks to the development of pharmacology, diseases of the urinary tract can be cured in a few days, if you choose an effective drug and start treatment on time.

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial lesion of the renal pelvis, which develops as an independent pathology, or a complication of cystitis.

The course of pyelonephritis is severe, as there is moderate renal failure. A characteristic symptom of pyelonephritis is severe pyuria.

The pus is dissolved in the urine and is excreted in flakes. Pyelonephritis causes fever, pain in the lumbar region.

If pyelonephritis is associated with infection in the urinary tract, then glomerulonephritis is the result of the presence of other infectious foci. Glomerulonephritis belongs to the group of autoimmune diseases.

It develops against the background of the fact that the circulating immune complexes produced by the immune system to streptococcus are deposited in the glomeruli. The body perceives it as a foreign body and attacks, which causes an abscess to develop.

Glomerulonephritis treatment is complex. It is carried out according to special schemes that stop the body's aggression towards its own tissues.

Glomerulonephritis is characterized by an increase in blood pressure, since the kidneys lose their function - the production of urine.

Prostatitis is a disease in which men over 40 suffer.

The danger is that the disease is chronic. Frequent relapses lead to the formation of prostate adenoma, which belongs to precancerous diseases.

According to statistics, every fourth man 40-50 years old suffers from prostatitis, and every man is over 60.

Inflammation of the prostate is accompanied by enlargement, which leads to the clamping of the urethra. Violation of the outflow of urine is one of the signs of prostatitis.

Inflammation of the penis and scrotum

Balanoposthitis, epididymitis, orchitis are diseases that often occur against the background of trauma, or are associated with specific bacteria.

Balanoposthitis does not pose a threat to the health of a man, but it causes such unpleasant symptoms as pain, burning, discomfort in the head of the penis.

Epididymitis, orchitis are formidable pathologies, the occurrence of which is fraught with dangerous consequences, such as male infertility or testicular amputation.

Orchitis is an inflammation of the testicle itself. Since the accessory apparatus is close to the organ, the disease quickly spreads to it.

This condition is called orchiepididymitis. It is characterized by an increase in the size of the scrotum, pain when walking, during intercourse, as well as an increase in body temperature.

Lack of medical care becomes the cause of an acute disturbance of the blood supply to the testicle.

Inflammation of the vagina, vulva is a common phenomenon among women, which manifests itself after intercourse, infection or defloration.

Symptoms of vulvovaginitis include itching, abnormal discharge, and pain during intercourse.

Treatment of vulvovaginitis is limited to douching, does not require treatment.

Inflammation of the uterine lining occurs more often in the postpartum period, after medical interventions such as curettage, or with generalized forms of genital infection.

Endometritis causes an increase in temperature, the appearance of purulent secretions from the uterus, as well as pain in the lower abdomen. These symptoms are pronounced, since the area of ​​the mucous membrane is large.

Endometritis should be treated in a hospital. The use of folk remedies or improper treatment causes infertility.

This is due to the fact that connective tissue forms at the site of inflammation, which prevents the fertilized egg from fixing.

Pathology of the appendages

Salpingitis, oophoritis are diseases that are caused by factors such as bacteria, trauma, hypothermia.

Regardless of what pathology of the genitourinary system has arisen in a person, they turn to a doctor to undergo an examination and begin a full-fledged treatment.

Video

A woman's urinary system is closely connected with the organs of the genital area. Inflammation of the genitourinary system in women, the symptoms of which do not make it possible to immediately determine which organ is affected, develops gradually and threatens with serious health consequences. Only knowing how the inflammatory process spreads and what are the causes of its occurrence can the spread of infection and possible complications be prevented.

The complexity of the symptomatic diagnosis of diseases of the genitourinary sphere lies in the similarity of signs of inflammation and difficulties in determining the localization of disease-causing processes. The reproductive organs of a woman are located very close to the organs of the urinary system and interact closely with each other.

The peculiarity of the female physiological structure lies in the short urethra, which is located close to the anus and vagina. This not only distinguishes him from the male body, but facilitates the easy penetration of pathogenic bacteria.

In women, the infection, penetrating the ascending urethra, rises into the bladder. Urethritis rarely develops, and due to neglect of personal hygiene, with trauma or during intercourse, bacteria rapidly penetrate higher.

Under the flow of urine, the infection does not linger in the urethra, but when it enters the bladder, the bacteria cause cystitis. This is the most common inflammatory process among women of all recurrences.

If cystitis is left untreated, bacteria continue to multiply and travel further through the tubules to the kidneys. There, the inflammatory process covers the pelvis and pyelonephritis develops. In its acute form, it manifests itself as severe back pain and symptoms of intoxication. At this stage, the woman needs hospitalization.

If you suppress the symptoms, the disease will become chronic, and the bacteria will spread further to the organs of the genital area. Frequent complications of untreated cystitis and pyelonephritis include:

• vaginitis;
• adnexitis;
• endometritis;
• salpingitis;
• endometriosis.

And everyone knows what such diseases are fraught with for a woman. Therefore, it is important not to miss the first manifestations and prevent the infection from penetrating further, but suppress it at the very beginning.

The main symptoms of inflammation

The signs of the inflammatory process are generally very similar, they are distinguished only by the place of localization and the severity of the disease. Some of the symptoms occur focal, but the addition of other infections, which often occurs with advanced inflammation, smears the whole picture of manifestations.

The inflammatory process quickly covers neighboring organs, and it is difficult to understand where the lesion is located by symptoms.

Each disease has its own distinctive symptoms, according to which the doctor can suggest the presence of one or another inflammation of the genitourinary system.

Cystitis

It is manifested by frequent and painful urination. As a rule, the bladder is empty, but even a few milligrams strongly irritate the walls of the urethra and causes a venerable desire to visit the ladies' room. The urine, in which bacteria multiply, becomes cloudy, and in rare cases, it may have purulent or bloody inclusions.

Pyelonephritis

With damage to the renal pelvis, symptoms of cystitis are accompanied by intense fever, pain in the lower back or side. Symptoms develop quickly and are also very similar to signs of body intoxication. In addition to pain and fever, nausea and vomiting occur.

The urine may be of a normal color or sediment, but inflammation of the kidneys is characterized by the presence of white flakes and, in advanced cases, pus. Frequent urination usually replaces difficult, diseased kidneys do not cope with their function.

Damage to the organs of the reproductive system

When the inflammation has reached the appendages and the uterus, characteristic vaginal discharge is added to all symptoms. The pain spreads to the entire pelvic area and radiates to the lower extremities. With such a massive inflammation, women, as a rule, do not hesitate to see a doctor, but the treatment of such an extensive lesion is complex, and also quite lengthy.

For this reason, it is very dangerous to delay hospitalization or even more to self-medicate. Complications resulting from the spread of infection can become irreversible.

Causes of inflammation of the urinary tract in women

The most common cause is intestinal bacteria that enter the urethra and vagina from the anus when personal hygiene is violated. The most common are:

• enterococcus;
• streptococcus;
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

With a decrease in immunity, the vaginal environment is the first to suffer, various kinds of fungi and bacteria begin to actively multiply there. Hypothermia or violation of sanitary standards will easily cause bacteria to multiply in a weakened body.

Often recognized by everyone, thrush caused by the Candida fungus, without treatment, is fraught with serious inflammatory processes of the entire genitourinary system, and its first symptom, curd discharge, usually does not cause serious concern.

Do not forget about sexually transmitted infections as well. Ureaplasma, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, mycoplasma and others cause an inflammatory process in the uterus and appendages, and only then, they penetrate through the urethra, affecting the organs of the urinary system. Urogenital chlamydia often causes infertility in women, as well as impaired reproductive function.

The impetus for the activation of the reproduction process are disposing factors:

Stagnation of urine, especially during pregnancy, as well as the occurrence of malignant tumors and stones in the urinary tract can provoke the development of the inflammatory process.

Treatment methods

The attending physician can completely cure the infection and suppress it by choosing the right effective complex treatment.

It is possible to suppress the activity of pathogenic microbes only with the help of antibacterial, antiviral and antimicrobial therapy. The complexity of treatment lies in the correct choice of the drug and the resistance of microorganisms to them. With prolonged use, antibiotics can not only fail, but also cause complications in the form of fungal activity.

As a rule, drug therapy alone is not enough, it is important to comply with all the prescriptions of the attending physician and his recommendations.

During the course of the inflammatory process, it is important to observe bed rest. If the condition is severe, hospitalization may be necessary. It is necessary to limit salt intake so that fluid does not retain in the body. But drinking plenty of water will be beneficial. If there are no contraindications, plenty of fluids will help flush out the infection from the urinary tract.

Eating a diet can help relieve symptoms and speed up the effect of treatment. Avoiding fatty, spicy foods will alleviate the condition and burden on the kidneys and liver.

Timely bladder emptying and personal hygiene are important to suppress the infection. It is better to refuse a bath, but a shower should be included in the list of hygienic procedures every day.

Quitting smoking and drinking alcohol is also necessary. For the duration of treatment, it is better to avoid sexual intercourse so as not to irritate the mucous membranes and to avoid the attachment of other infections.

Taking antibiotics is allowed only as directed by a doctor; self-medication can cause negative side effects and dangerous consequences. The sooner inflammation of the genitourinary system is diagnosed, the pathogen is found and treatment is prescribed, the faster the recovery will come.

The genitourinary system is at high risk due to poor lifestyle choices and infectious diseases.

With age, these risks increase significantly, therefore, the state of the organs responsible for sexual and urinary function should be given more attention.

Since the organs in the system are connected, the deterioration of the condition of one leads to risks for the other, therefore, in order to avoid serious consequences, the treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system should be as fast and high-quality as possible.

Infectious diseases are the most common pathology of the genitourinary system. Modern medicine has many such diseases, bacteria or fungi most often become their cause.

Inflammations are often diagnosed with a delay, since they usually proceed unnoticed by the patient, sometimes it is possible to find out about them only by complications in other organs.

The structure of the male genitourinary system

Most often, you can find out about the inflammatory processes that began in the genitourinary system by the following:

• external manifestations on the genitals;
• lack of erection.

Prostatitis

Of all the disorders of the genitourinary system, the largest number of cases falls on, which, in fact, is an inflammation of the prostate gland caused by bacteria (most often chlamydia).

Diagnosis is complicated by hidden and those that are characteristic of many other diseases.

Symptoms:

• painful urination;
• weak;
• discomfort in the lower abdomen;
• a small pressure of urine.

Urethritis

The disease is characterized by an inflammatory process inside the urethra. It may not appear for a long time, and later make itself felt under, or another disease. The main source of infection is unprotected intercourse.

Symptoms:

• burning sensation when urinating;
• pain and itching;
• discharge;
• in the lower abdomen, pain and cramps are felt.

In case of untimely treatment, inflammation of other organs is possible.

BPH

• Frequent urination (sometimes with sleep interruption)
• weak intermittent urine stream;
• feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder;
• inability to urinate without straining;
• urinary incontinence.

Cystitis

For complex therapy, Ursulfan is used or. Of the plant uroantiseptics, Phytolysin is also most often used. To relieve pain, antispasmodics are used:, etc.

From diuretics, Diuver or Furosemide is used. To stimulate immunity, multivitamin complexes Alvittil, Milgamma, Tetrafolevit are excellent, preparations containing selenium and are additionally prescribed.

Diet

Diets are most often prescribed for kidney diseases:

• diet number 6... Helps to limit salt intake, increase the proportion of dairy products, liquids, vegetables and fruits in the diet;
• diet number 7a... Allows you to remove metabolic products from the body, reduce pressure and edema.
• diet number 7b... Increases the amount of proteins in comparison with 7a.

Depending on the type of disease, there are many types of prescribed diets, they are prescribed only by the attending physician based on the results of tests.

Physiotherapy

The main purpose of physiotherapy for urological diseases is to enhance drug treatment. It is also used for the direct elimination of certain diseases or is used in cases where medications are contraindicated for the patient.

The main types of procedures used:

• EHF therapy;
• ultrasound treatment;
• electrophoresis;
• inductothermy.

Therapy with folk remedies

In parallel with drug treatment, they are used. Infection in the urinary tract is destroyed by coconut oil (applied internally), asparagus and celery help relieve inflammation.

Coconut oil is great at fighting infection

An infusion of boiled onion and basil is used as an antibacterial and diuretic. Garlic is good for kidney disease.

For the greatest effectiveness, drugs, folk remedies and physiotherapy are used in combination.

Prevention of inflammatory diseases

The main element of the prevention of diseases of the genitourinary system is hygiene, which includes both regular washing and protected sex.

Despite the simplicity, many ignore these measures. The absence of hypothermia, leading, for example, to cystitis, guarantees the correct clothing for the season. To help your body get rid of harmful bacteria, you need to drink 1.5 to 2.5 liters of fluid a day.

They will help to normalize the body's work. Proper nutrition, activity and giving up bad habits will help to significantly reduce the risk.

With the right prevention and attention to your health, you can greatly reduce the risk of developing urological diseases.

Related Videos

On the principles of treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system in the video:

Pathologies of the genitourinary system pose a huge threat to the body, up to and including the danger of death. But it is not difficult to prevent these diseases by following a series of simple recommendations. A timely visit to a doctor will help prevent complications and make the treatment as simple, quick and painless as possible.