What diseases do children get a rash? Rash - Symptoms - Skin Diseases. Features of baby skin

Almost all babies in the first year of life are faced with such a disease as exanthema. It passes quite quickly, and sometimes pediatricians do not even have time to diagnose it. Of course, when a baby's temperature rises, accompanied by a rash all over the body, this cannot but bother the parents. For this reason, you should know the features of this ailment and the methods of its safe treatment.

Exanthema is a very common disease in children of the first year of life.

What is exanthema?

Exanthema is a skin disease of infectious etiology, characterized by an acute course. In 80% of cases, viruses are provocateurs of rashes and only in 20% - bacteria. The main types of exanthema:

1. viral;
2. enteroviral;
3. sudden.

If you look at the photo, you can see that the rash looks like pinkish or red spots that cover the child's body. After the baby has had this ailment, he develops immunity to exanthema of an infectious nature.

Features of viral exanthema in children

Viral exanthema in children is a disease characterized by rashes that appear on the child's skin and evenly cover the entire body. It is often found both in babies of the first year of life and in older children.

The causes of viral exanthema:

• measles virus;
• herpes virus;
• adenovirus;
• chickenpox, etc.

As a rule, the symptoms of exanthema are the same, with the exception of cases of measles or chickenpox. During the course of these diseases, exanthema manifests itself specifically. In this case, complex therapy is used, which is aimed at getting rid of not only the disease, but also exanthema.

Exanthema of the viral and allergic type are similar in symptoms, therefore it is very important to recognize in time to which pathology a particular type of rash on the baby's skin belongs (we recommend reading :). Improper treatment of exanthema is fraught with complications.

General clinical picture

Viral exanthema in babies is characterized by an increase in temperature, which usually lasts for 4-5 days. The rash at this time can become more intense under the influence of various factors: bright sunlight, hot water, emotional stress, etc. It is important to protect the child from such phenomena so as not to aggravate the situation.

With viral exanthema, in addition to skin rashes, the child's temperature rises

In newborns, the fontanel pulsation may become more frequent. An exanthema that occurs against the background of an infection is accompanied by an increase in regional lymph nodes. It is provoked by the following infections:

1. in winter, as a rule, these are rhinovirus diseases, influenza virus and adenoviruses;
2. in summer, enterovirus is more often the causative agent;
3. herpes infections can be detected at any time of the year (we recommend reading :).

Symptoms depending on the type of virus

Symptoms of viral exanthema in children vary depending on the type of infection. The main symptoms are presented in the table.

Features of enterovirus exanthema in children

Enterovirus (Boston) exanthema is allocated in a separate category of exanthema, because it occurs more often than other types of infectious exanthema. Enteroviral viruses include groups of viruses that cause diarrhea, aseptic meningitis, respiratory diseases, and gastroenteritis. With enterovirus exanthema, the body temperature rises to 39 degrees and intoxication of the body is observed.

The main symptoms of "Boston fever":

1. fever (39 degrees or more);
2. intoxication of the body;
3. asymmetric rashes on the body.

Features of sudden exanthema in children

Sudden exanthema (roseola) is a disease that affects most young children (from six months to 3 years). Children fall ill with sudden exanthema mainly in the autumn and winter periods. Once having had this ailment, children develop immunity, which minimizes the possibility of relapse.

Sudden exanthema is transmitted by airborne droplets and by personal contact with a sick person. The incubation period lasts from 5 days to 2 weeks.

The disease begins with an increase in temperature, which gradually increases, reaching high levels (39-40.5 degrees). Fever lasts an average of 3 days, accompanied by manifestations of intoxication (weakness, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea). A characteristic feature of sudden exanthema is that, despite the high temperature, the child does not have catarrhal symptoms (cough, runny nose).

During a fever, the temperature is not constantly high. In the morning hours, it decreases slightly, towards evening it rises again to 39 degrees. In infants, against a background of elevated temperature, there is a strong pulsation of the fontanelle, and febrile convulsions are also possible. This should not be a cause for concern, since not associated with neurological problems.

As a rule, on the fourth day there is a significant decrease in the child's body temperature. Parents mistake this for recovery, but at the same time a rash appears on the baby's body.

The pink spots of the rash do not tend to merge, turn pale when pressed, their diameter is from 1 to 5 mm, there is no itching. The rash that accompanies sudden exanthema is not contagious.

After a few days, the rashes on the body completely disappear. In exceptional cases, sudden exanthema is accompanied only by fever, without rash. The child's condition at this time is satisfactory.

Diagnostic methods

Despite the fact that the disease occurs in babies quite often, this disease is rarely diagnosed. The reason is that the symptoms of exanthema disappear in a matter of days, and doctors simply do not have time to diagnose it. However, if the crumbs have a strong fever and a rash, then a consultation with a pediatrician and an infectious disease specialist is necessary.

On a visual examination, the doctor examines the specks of the rash. In a baby suffering from sudden exanthema, papules on the skin disappear when pressed, with a viral ailment there is no reaction to pressure. If the lighting is bright enough, you will notice that the elements of the rash rise slightly above the skin.

A blood test is also performed (during exanthema, the number of leukocytes decreases). The doctor compulsorily conducts differential diagnostics. This helps to determine the type of disease and choose the right tactics for how best to treat the baby. Differential diagnosis of exanthema implies the exclusion or confirmation of the following pathologies:

1. measles (we recommend reading :);
2. infectious mononucleosis (we recommend reading:);
3. idiopathic infection;
4. rubella;
5. scarlet fever (we recommend reading :);
6. allergies associated with viral infections.

Treatment features

There are no strictly established treatment regimens for exanthema. It is important to isolate the sick child from peers to prevent the spread of the disease. In the room where the sick baby is, wet cleaning is regularly carried out and the room is ventilated. During a fever, the child is shown to drink plenty of fluids, walks are allowed only under favorable weather conditions.

If the baby is hard to tolerate the high temperature, the doctor can prescribe him antipyretic drugs, and if necessary, antihistamines and antiviral agents can be used. With viral exanthema, the child is prohibited from spending a lot of time in the sun, because it is prone to itching and the sun rash may increase.

Drug therapy

The disease is characterized by an increase in body temperature, therefore, during an illness, drugs with an antipyretic effect are often prescribed:

• Ibuprofen;
• Nurofen;
• Paracetamol;
• Panadol.

To reduce rash and swelling, antihistamines are used:

• Zodak;
• Zyrtec;
• Suprastin.

Locally, ointments are applied to the areas affected by the rash: Fenistil, Elokom, La-Cree. If you apply the ointment 2-3 times a day, the rash will go away completely within 5 days. When the rash is caused by herpes, ointments are applied to the area of ​​the itching. Acyclovir ointment for herpes has proven itself well. In severe cases of the disease, antiviral drugs are prescribed: Arbidol, Anaferon.

Folk remedies

Folk remedies can also be used in the treatment of a small patient. Before using them, you need to consult a doctor, but, as a rule, there are no contraindications for using home infusions and compresses. To improve the general condition of the baby, you can use chamomile infusion (pour a tablespoon of dry chamomile with one glass of boiling water).

It is helpful to apply fresh potato juice to areas of the body affected by the rash. Raw peeled potatoes are grated, and the resulting gruel is squeezed out. The juice is applied to the skin covered with a rash 3 times a day. It is useful to bathe the crumbs in trays with the addition of celandine broth. It helps to reduce rashes, soothes the delicate baby skin. Similar baths can be done with the addition of broth of fir, chamomile.

To reduce the rash when bathing the baby, it is necessary to add a decoction of celandine to the water

The child should be given a sufficient amount of drink. Cranberry fruit drinks, tea with raspberries and lindens will be useful. Elderberry broth has a good effect. To prepare the broth, 180 g of berries are poured with a liter of boiling water, insisted for 4-5 hours. You need to drink the drug one glass 3 times a day after meals. The duration of such treatment should be no more than 3 days.

Possible complications

Complications with exanthema are observed in babies with weak immunity. In 90% of cases, the disease disappears without a trace within 5-10 days. When complications appear, the rash can last for 2-3 weeks, cough and sore throat are also possible, but even in such situations, the symptoms disappear in less than a month.

Unfortunately, sometimes doctors cannot make an accurate diagnosis, mistaking roseola for rubella.

The result of such mistakes is the parents' refusal to vaccinate the child, which in the future can greatly harm him. In rare cases, complications are accompanied by disturbances in the work of the cardiovascular system, the appearance of reactive hepatitis and an increase in adenoids.

Preventive actions

Exanthema prophylaxis is not necessary because it occurs once, after the immunity is developed, and the baby subsequently does not suffer from this ailment. General recommendations are to improve and harden the baby to strengthen immunity, which will allow him to resist various infections and viruses, and if an illness occurs, he can quickly recover.

You should also protect the child from communicating with peers if they have been diagnosed with exanthema. It is much easier to tolerate roseola children who are breastfed. Parents need to be vigilant in relation to their child, and in case of suspicion of exanthema, immediately seek help from a doctor.

This is the sudden appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of various changes that differ from normal skin in color and appearance and are often accompanied by redness and itching.

The appearance of a rash can be a local reaction of the skin to an external irritant, or it can be one of the symptoms of a common human disease. There are several dozen skin, infectious and other diseases in which a rash always occurs, and several hundred in which it can also appear.

Causes of the rash.

There are several groups of diseases in which a rash may appear on the skin or mucous membranes.

· Allergic diseases.

· Diseases of the blood and blood vessels.

The most common cause of rash is infectious diseases (measles, rubella, chickenpox, scarlet fever, herpes, infectious mononucleosis, infectious erythema, etc.). In addition to the rash, other signs are necessarily present: contact with an infectious patient, acute onset, fever, loss of appetite, chills, pain (throat, head, abdomen), runny nose, cough, or diarrhea.

2. An abscess is an element filled with purulent contents. The formation of pustules is manifested by folliculitis, furunculosis, impetigo, pyoderma, various types of acne.

4. A blister usually occurs with an allergic reaction and goes away on its own in a few minutes or hours after it appears. It is observed with insect bites, nettle burns, urticaria, toxicoderma.

5. Spots are characterized by discoloration (redness or discoloration) of certain areas of the skin and is observed in syphilitic roseola, dermatitis, toxicoderma, leukoderma, vitiligo, typhoid and typhus. Moles, freckles, and sunburn are pigmented spots.

6. Erythema is a slightly elevated, sharply limited area of ​​the skin of a bright red color. Often occurs in persons with hypersensitivity to food (strawberries, strawberries, eggs, etc.), medicines (nicotinic acid, antibiotics, antipyrine, quinidine, etc.), after ultraviolet irradiation, with erysipelas. In cases of infectious diseases and rheumatism, multiple exudative erythema occurs, as well as erythema nodosum.

7. Purpura - skin hemorrhages of various sizes (from small, punctate to large bruises). It is observed in hemophilia (violation of blood coagulation), Werlhof disease (violation of the duration of bleeding), capillary toxicosis (violation of capillary permeability), leukemia (blood disease), with scurvy (vitamin C deficiency).

· If a rash appears after taking any medications, it is necessary to urgently consult an allergist.

· If the appearance of a rash is combined with fever and malaise, an infectious disease doctor should be consulted.

· See a dermatologist if the rash is accompanied by a burning sensation, tingling sensation, bleeding or blistering.

· If you suddenly have a severe headache, drowsiness, or small black or purple spots appear over a large area of ​​skin, call an ambulance without delay.

If the rash in the form of a ring spreads from one central red spot, some time after the tick bite (even after a few months), see an infectious disease doctor immediately.

If several other family members develop the same rash, see an infectious disease doctor immediately.

· When red rashes appear, with sharp outlines, reminiscent of a butterfly, protruding above the surface of the skin, located on the cheeks and above the bridge of the nose, it is necessary to consult a rheumatologist.

If a form of rash appears that presents significant difficulties for diagnosis, be prepared for a prolonged examination by a dermatologist.

Home remedies for reducing rashes.

To reduce the appearance of the rash and soothe itching, you can try the following methods:

If there are no signs of infection, you can apply 1% hydrocortisone cream to the areas of the skin rash; see your doctor if there is no improvement after five or six days;

· Wear smooth organic cotton clothing to avoid irritation;

· Use baby soap or shower gel for washing;

· Exclude substances that irritate the skin or may cause an allergic reaction - jewelry, perfumes, cosmetics, washing powders, deodorants.

A skin rash appears as a sudden appearance on the skin anywhere on the body. The rash is characterized by skin changes, redness or paleness, and itching. A symptom can form as a local reaction to external provoking factors, or it can manifest itself as a sign of the development of a pathological process. There are quite a few diseases that manifest themselves in the form of skin rashes, therefore, the etiology of the symptom is diverse.

Etiology

Skin rashes in adults and in a child can form under the influence of such factors:

• infections;
• allergy;
• ailment of the blood and blood vessels.

The most common cause of a symptom is an infection. Doctors refer to such diseases as -, etc. These diseases are manifested in a characteristic rash, which is accompanied, in the head, throat and abdomen, and stool disorders.

Allergic skin rashes are also often diagnosed by doctors. This form of symptom development can be recognized by the absence of signs of infection, as well as contact with an allergen. Very often, a similar reaction on the body can be noticed by the parents of the child. Food, animals, chemicals, drugs become provoking factors.

In case of impaired blood circulation and vascular disease, the patient may experience a rash for the following reasons:

• a decrease in the number or impaired functionality of platelets;
• impaired vascular permeability.

Sometimes a symptom develops in non-communicable diseases, these include:

• senile keratoma;
• chloasma;
• flat warts;
• intertrigo;

Skin rashes are formed with liver disease. If an organ is disrupted, the patient's skin tone changes, and a rash appears.

The characteristic red rash can be from insect bites, acne, psoriasis, fungal diseases and scabies. Also, redness on the skin can be caused by prickly heat.

Classification

Clinicians have determined that the following manifestations can be types of rashes:

• spots - there are red, brown, white macula;
• blisters - appear in a dense and rough formation on the skin;
• papules - an element that looks like nodules in the thickness of the skin;
• blisters - they can be large and small, formed in the cavity of the skin with a clear liquid;
• erosion and ulcers - during the formation, the integrity of the skin is violated;
• crusts - appear in the place of former blisters, pustules, ulcers.

All of these types of rashes on the body are divided into primary and secondary. The first type includes nodules, blisters, abscesses, blisters. And the second group of types of rashes is the appearance of peeling, erosion, abrasions, crusting.

Symptoms

If rashes on the skin in children and adults have formed against the background of deterioration in the functioning of the liver, then this may be indicated by characteristic symptoms:

• yellow tint of the skin;
• fetid odor;
• heavy sweating;
• pain syndrome in the liver area;
• itchy rashes over the body;
• drastic weight loss;
• disturbed stool;
• brown color of the tongue;
• bitter taste in the mouth;
• the appearance of cracks in the tongue;
• venous pattern on the abdomen.

If the cause was infectious diseases, then a person's skin rashes can begin on the skin of the hands, move to the face, legs, and the whole body is gradually affected. With rubella, the patient first suffers from a rash on the face and spreads throughout the skin. The first foci of inflammation are localized in places where the surface of the limbs most often bends, near the joints, on the back and buttocks. All rashes can be of a different shade - pink, red, pale, brown.

Infectious pathologies often manifest themselves not only in a rash, but also in other signs. It is possible to establish the ailment in more detail according to the following clinical picture:

• high temperature;
• malaise;
• pain attacks;
• individual areas on the patient's body become inflamed, for example, eyes, tonsils, etc.;
• may be ;
• frequent heartbeat;
• burning.

Rashes on the skin in the form of red spots are characteristic of the development of such infectious diseases - chickenpox, rubella, measles, scarlet fever.

Diagnostics

If any manifestations of the above symptoms are detected, the patient needs to urgently seek the help of a doctor. You can consult about rashes on the skin at ,. After an initial physical examination and minimal examination, the doctor will refer the patient to a different specialist if the cause of the ailment is not inflammation, allergy, or infection.

Treatment

Treatment of allergic skin rashes is prescribed by a doctor only after a diagnosis has been made. Therapy is based on the elimination of the etiological factor, therefore, the appropriate drugs must be chosen.

If a person has a rash from mechanical damage or from prickly heat, then there is nothing wrong with this manifestation. At home, you can anoint the inflamed area with cream or oil to slightly relieve swelling and itching. Over time, the symptom will disappear. Also, at home, you can eliminate the symptoms of the disease with the following advice from doctors:

• wear natural cotton things so that there is no irritation;
• wash the body with baby soap or shower gel;
• exclude from life all things that can cause a rash on the skin.

If the patient's symptomatology is more pronounced, has characteristic indicators, causes discomfort to the patient, then a dermatologist's consultation is imperative.

If the appearance of the disease was an allergy, then it is important for the doctor to identify this allergen using a test, and then prescribe treatment. The patient must definitely move away from this object or remove the product from the food. You can also cure this symptom with antihistamine ointments and tablets.

If an external symptom, namely a rash, has developed from a virus, and the symptoms of the disease are supplemented by an elevated temperature, then the patient can be given antipyretic drugs. With a complication of the disease, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications are prescribed.

Quite often, skin rashes with diabetes mellitus, liver disease, infectious diseases or allergies are not very easily recognized by doctors, since the symptom often manifests itself in the same indicators - itching, redness, swelling. In this regard, doctors first prescribe a patient therapy, which is aimed at getting rid of the signs, and not the causes of the development of the disease.

Children's infections are not accidentally allocated to a special group - firstly, children of early and preschool age usually get sick with these infectious diseases, secondly, they are all extremely infectious, therefore, almost everyone who has come into contact with a sick child gets sick, and thirdly, almost always, after a childhood infection, persistent lifelong immunity is formed.

There is an opinion that all children need to be ill with these diseases in order not to get sick at an older age. Is it so? The group of childhood infections includes diseases such as measles, rubella, chickenpox, mumps (mumps), scarlet fever. As a rule, children of the first year of life do not get sick with childhood infections. This happens for the reason that during pregnancy, the mother (in the event that she has suffered these infections during her life) transmits antibodies to pathogens through the placenta. These antibodies carry information about the microorganism that caused the infectious process in the mother.

After birth, the baby begins to receive maternal colostrum, which also contains immunoglobulins (antibodies) to all infections that the mother "met" before pregnancy. Thus, the child receives a kind of vaccination against many infectious diseases. And in the event that breastfeeding continues throughout the first year of a child's life, immunity to childhood infections lasts longer. However, there are exceptions to this rule. Unfortunately, there are cases (very rare) when a breastfed baby is susceptible to microorganisms that cause chickenpox, rubella, mumps or measles, even if his mother is immune to them. When the period of breastfeeding ends, the baby enters into early childhood. Following this, his circle of contacts expands. It is quite natural that at the same time the risk of any infectious disease, including childhood infections, increases sharply.

Symptoms and treatment of measles in children

Measles is a viral infection with a very high susceptibility. If a person did not have measles or was not vaccinated against this infection, then after contact with a sick person, infection occurs in almost 100% of cases. The measles virus is very volatile. The virus can spread through ventilation pipes and elevator shafts - at the same time, children living on different floors of the house get sick. After contact with a patient with measles and the appearance of the first signs of the disease, it takes 7 to 14 days.

The disease begins with severe headache, weakness, fever up to 40 degrees C. A little later, a runny nose, cough and an almost complete lack of appetite join these symptoms. The appearance of conjunctivitis is very characteristic of measles - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes, which is manifested by photophobia, lacrimation, sharp reddening of the eyes, and subsequently - the appearance of purulent discharge. These symptoms last 2 to 4 days.

On the 4th day of the disease, a rash appears that looks like small red spots of various sizes (from 1 to 3 mm in diameter), with a tendency to merge. The rash occurs on the face and head (especially behind the ears) and spreads throughout the body for 3 to 4 days. It is very characteristic of measles that the rash leaves behind pigmentation (dark spots that persist for several days), which disappears in the same sequence as the rash appears. Measles, despite the rather bright clinic, is easily tolerated by children, but under unfavorable conditions it is fraught with serious complications. These include pneumonia (pneumonia) and otitis media (otitis media). Fortunately, such a formidable complication as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) occurs quite rarely. Measles treatment aims to relieve the main symptoms of measles and maintain immunity. It must be remembered that after measles for a sufficiently long period of time (up to 2 months), suppression of immunity is noted, so the child can get sick with any cold or viral disease, so you need to protect him from excessive stress, if possible - from contact with sick children. After measles, persistent lifelong immunity develops. All those who have had measles become immune to this infection.

Signs of rubella in a child

Rubella is also an airborne viral infection. Rubella is less contagious than measles and chickenpox. As a rule, children who stay in the same room for a long time with the child who are the source of infection get sick. Rubella in its manifestations is very similar to measles, but it proceeds much easier. The incubation period (the period from contact until the first signs of illness appear) lasts from 14 to 21 days. Rubella begins with an increase in the occipital lymph nodes and () an increase in body temperature up to 38 degrees C. A little later, a runny nose, sometimes a cough, joins. A rash appears 2 to 3 days after the onset of the disease.

Rubella is characterized by a small-dotted pink rash that begins with a rash on the face and spreads throughout the body. The rubella rash, unlike measles, never drains, there may be a slight itching. The period of rashes can be from several hours, during which there is no trace of the rash, up to 2 days. In this regard, diagnosis can be difficult - if the period of the rash fell on the night hours, and went unnoticed by the parents, rubella can be regarded as a common viral infection. Rubella treatment consists of relieving the main symptoms - fighting the fever, if any, treating the common cold, expectorants. Complications from measles are rare. After rubella, immunity also develops, re-infection is extremely rare.

What is mumps in children

Mumps (mumps) is a viral infection in children characterized by acute inflammation in the salivary glands. Infection occurs by airborne droplets. Susceptibility to this disease is about 50-60% (that is, 50-60% of those in contact and not sick and not vaccinated get sick). Mumps begins with an increase in body temperature up to 39 degrees C and severe pain in the ear area or under it, aggravated by swallowing or chewing. At the same time, salivation increases. Swelling in the area of ​​the upper neck and cheek grows fairly quickly, touching this place causes severe pain in the child.

By itself, this disease is not dangerous. Unpleasant symptoms disappear within three to four days: body temperature decreases, swelling decreases, pain disappears. However, mumps often ends with inflammation in the glandular organs, such as the pancreas (pancreatitis), gonads. Postponed pancreatitis in some cases leads to diabetes mellitus. Inflammation of the gonads (testicles) is more common in boys. This significantly complicates the course of the disease, and in some cases it can result in infertility.

In especially severe cases, mumps can be complicated by viral meningitis (inflammation of the meninges), which is severe but not fatal. After the transferred disease, stable immunity is formed. Re-infection is almost impossible.

Treatment and symptoms of chickenpox in children

Chickenpox (chickenpox) is a common childhood infection. Mostly young children or preschoolers are ill. Susceptibility to the pathogen of chickenpox (the virus that causes chickenpox belongs to herpes viruses) is also quite high, although not as high as to the measles virus. About 80% of contact persons who have not been sick before develop chickenpox.

This virus also has a high degree of volatility; a child can become infected if he was not in the immediate vicinity of the patient. The incubation period is 14 to 21 days. The disease begins with the appearance of a rash. These are usually one or two reddish specks that look like a mosquito bite. These elements of the rash can be located on any part of the body, but most often they first appear on the stomach or face. The rash usually spreads very quickly - new elements appear every few minutes or hours. Reddish specks, which at first look like mosquito bites, take on the appearance of bubbles filled with transparent contents the next day. These bubbles are very itchy. The rash spreads all over the body, on the limbs, on the scalp. In severe cases, there are elements of a rash on the mucous membranes - in the mouth, nose, on the conjunctiva of the sclera, genitals, intestines. By the end of the first day of the disease, the general state of health worsens, the body temperature rises (up to 40 degrees C and above). The severity of the condition depends on the number of rashes: with scanty rashes, the disease proceeds easily, the more rashes, the more severe the child's condition.

Chickenpox is not characterized by a runny nose and cough, but if there are elements of a rash on the mucous membranes of the pharynx, nose and on the conjunctiva of the sclera, then pharyngitis, rhinitis and conjunctivitis develops due to the addition of a bacterial infection. The bubbles open in a day or two with the formation of ulcers, which are covered with crusts. Headache, feeling unwell, fever persist until new rashes appear. This usually occurs from 3 to 5 days (depending on the severity of the disease). Within 5-7 days after the last pouring of the rash, the treatment of chickenpox is to reduce itching, intoxication and prevent bacterial complications. The elements of the rash must be lubricated with antiseptic solutions (usually an aqueous solution of brilliant green or manganese). Treatment with coloring antiseptics prevents bacterial infection of rashes, allows you to track the dynamics of the appearance of rashes.

It is necessary to monitor the hygiene of the oral cavity and nose, eyes - you can rinse your mouth with a solution of calendula, the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth should also be treated with antiseptic solutions.

In order to avoid secondary inflammation, you need to rinse your mouth after each meal. A child with chickenpox should be fed with warm, semi-liquid food, watered abundantly (however, this applies to all childhood infections). It is important to ensure that your baby's fingernails are cut short (so that he cannot scratch the skin - scratching predisposes to bacterial infection). To prevent infection of rashes, bed linen and clothes of a sick child should be changed daily. The room in which the child is located must be regularly ventilated, making sure that the room is not too hot. These are general rules. Complications of chickenpox include myocarditis - inflammation of the heart muscle, meningitis and meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the meninges, brain matter, inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis). Fortunately, these complications are quite rare. After chickenpox, as well as after all childhood infections , immunity develops.Re-infection occurs, but very rarely.

What is scarlet fever in children and how to treat it

Scarlet fever is the only childhood infection caused not by viruses, but by bacteria (group A streptococcus). It is an acute airborne disease. Infection is also possible through household items (toys, dishes). Children of early and preschool age are ill. The most dangerous in relation to infection are patients in the first two to three days of the disease.

Scarlet fever begins very acutely with an increase in body temperature to 39 degrees C, vomiting. Severe intoxication and headache are immediately noted. The most characteristic symptom of scarlet fever is angina, in which the mucous membrane of the pharynx has a bright red color, swelling is expressed. The patient notes a sharp pain when swallowing. There may be a whitish coating on the tongue and tonsils. The tongue subsequently acquires a very characteristic appearance ("crimson") - bright pink and coarsely grained.

By the end of the first or the beginning of the second day of illness, a second characteristic symptom of scarlet fever appears - a rash. It appears on several parts of the body at once, most densely localized in the folds (elbow, inguinal). Its distinctive feature is that a bright red, pinpoint scarlet rash is located on a red background, which gives the impression of a general drainage redness. When pressed, a white streak remains on the skin. The rash can be spread all over the body, but there is always a clean (white) area of ​​skin between the upper lip and nose and the chin. Itching is much less pronounced than with chickenpox. The rash lasts up to 2 to 5 days. The manifestations of angina persist somewhat longer (up to 7 - 9 days).

Scarlet fever is usually treated with antibiotics, as the causative agent of scarlet fever is a microbe that can be removed with antibiotics. It is also very important to treat sore throat locally and conduct detoxification (removal of toxins from the body that are formed during the life of microorganisms - for this they give plenty of drink). Shows vitamins, antipyretics. Scarlet fever also has quite serious complications. Before the use of antibiotics, scarlet fever often ended in the development of rheumatism (an infectious-allergic disease, the basis of which is damage to the connective tissue system). with the formation of acquired heart defects. At present, subject to competently prescribed treatment and careful adherence to the recommendations, such complications practically do not occur. Scarlet fever almost exclusively affects children because with age, a person acquires resistance to streptococci. Those who have been ill also acquire strong immunity.

Infectious erythema in a child

This infectious disease, which is also caused by viruses, is transmitted by airborne droplets. Children from 2 to 12 years old are sick during epidemics in a nursery or at school. The incubation period is different (4-14 days). The disease progresses easily. There is a slight general malaise, nasal discharge, sometimes a headache, a slight increase in temperature is possible. The rash begins on the cheekbones in the form of small red, slightly embossed dots, which merge as they increase, forming red, shiny and symmetrical spots on the cheeks. Then, within two days, the rash covers the entire body, forming slightly swollen red spots that are pale in the center. Combining, they form a rash in the form of garlands or a geographic map. The rash disappears in about a week, over the next weeks, transient rashes may appear, especially with excitement, physical exertion, sun exposure, bathing, and changes in ambient temperature.

This disease is not dangerous in all cases. The diagnosis is clinical. Differential diagnosis is more often carried out with rubella and measles. Treatment is symptomatic. The prognosis is favorable.

Prevention of infectious diseases in children

Of course, it is better to get rid of childhood infections at an early age, because adolescents and older people get sick much more severely with much more frequent complications. However, complications are also noted in young children. And all these complications are quite serious. Before the introduction of vaccination, the lethality (mortality) in these infections was about 5-10%. A common feature of all childhood infections is that after the disease, persistent immunity develops. Their prevention is based on this property - vaccines have been developed that allow the formation of an immunological memory, which causes immunity to the causative agents of these infections. Vaccination is carried out once at the age of 12 months. Vaccines against measles, rubella and mumps have been developed. In the Russian version, all these vaccines are administered separately (measles-rubella and mumps). Alternatively, vaccination with an imported vaccine containing all three components is possible. This vaccination is well tolerated, complications and undesirable consequences are extremely rare. Comparative characteristics of childhood infections

Many diseases are not limited to external manifestations. The child may have a fever, sore throat, abdominal pain, vomiting, coughing, and chills. Here are the most common infectious and non-childhood ailments:

• Measles. The rash of red, raised pimples begins in the head area and gradually descends down to the legs.

  This happens 3-4 days after the disease.

  Before the rash appears, the child has a high fever, irritation of the mucous throat, runny nose, and cough.

• Rubella. Fever, swollen lymph nodes and baby skin rashes occur at the same time. Spots of 3-5 mm begin to appear in the neck and head, going down just a few hours to the legs and disappearing after 3 days.
• Chickenpox (chickenpox)... The red spots almost immediately turn into blisters, which itch a lot.

  Before they appear, the child's temperature rises, which decreases after the rash.

  Types of baby rashes

  An important role in determining the causes of rashes is played by the type of rash in children. Experts identify a large number of different types of rashes. Among them are allergic rashes, acne, which are also called acne, roseola and others.

  Childhood allergic rash

  The causes of childhood allergic rashes are the effects of various irritants. Most often, the reaction is caused by food allergens consumed by the baby or a nursing mother.

  Allergic rashes, as a rule, are localized on the cheeks and arms of the child. Such a reaction can be caused by berries, citrus fruits, foods with various flavors and dyes.

  In addition, contact with artificial types of fabric, some types of household chemicals, cosmetics and other allergens can provoke allergies. Sometimes the reaction in children can be caused by exposure to cold or other factors on the baby's skin.

  The hallmark is a rash of raised blisters that tend to fuse. In early childhood, urticaria or urticaria is acute, accompanied by excruciating itching, local fever, general malaise, weakness.

  A flesh-colored nettle rash in a child suddenly appears on any part of the body, persisting from several hours to several days. In case of angioedema in the throat and mouth, the child needs immediate medical attention.

  Causes of urticaria - polyethological dermatosis:

  1. external influences (heat, cold, pressure);
  2. influenza infection, pharyngitis, otitis media;
  3. preservatives and dyes in food;
  4. helminths, protozoal infection;
  5. medicines;
  6. physical exercise;
  7. food products;
  8. insect bites;
  9. overheating, cold;
  10. stress.

  Urticaria is not spread from a sick person to a healthy person. The skin reaction to stimuli manifests itself in response to mechanical action on the skin (friction, pressure, combing insect bites). This form of the disease is called "mechanical urticaria".

  A rare form of urticaria - cholinergic - is manifested by hyperemia of the skin of the face, neck, chest. Redness is observed just a few minutes or within an hour after swimming in hot water, increased sweating, physical and emotional stress.

  The child feels severe itching of the skin. A pale rash is formed, consisting of blisters of various shapes.

  Usually, when examining a patient, the allergen is not detected. The provoking factor for the development of the cholinergic form is the mediator acetylcholine, produced by the body itself.

  The rash consists of the so-called primary elements. With various diseases and pathological conditions, they have their own specific characteristic features, which plays a fundamental role in the correct diagnosis.

  Skin changes accompanying infectious viral diseases differ in appearance and location on the body. Rashes can take the form:

  • Bubble. This is the name of an element with a cavity inside, up to half a centimeter in size. The cavity is filled with liquid secretion. After opening, an ulcer is formed.
  • Nodule (papules). A small element located in the thickness of the skin or above it, without a cavity inside.
  • Tubercle. It has a coarser dense structure, larger sizes, up to 10 mm, after resolution, it can leave behind cicatricial changes on the skin.
  • Blister. A thin-walled element filled with interstitial fluid inside the cavity, as a rule, has a short existence: from several minutes to 2-3 hours.
  • Pustules. It is a small element with a purulent content inside.
  • Spots. They do not rise above the surface of the skin, appear in its thickness, differ in color: from pale pink to bright crimson, may contain pigment.
  • Roseola. They are small in size, do not contain cavities, have an irregular shape, and rise above the skin. The hallmark of such a rash is that the roseola disappears when pressed or stretched, and then reappears.
  • Hemorrhages. These are intradermal hemorrhages. Has a vascular nature of formation. The difference is that hemorrhagic rashes do not disappear with strong pressure on the skin.

  The study of the nature of changes in the skin, the contents of the elements, are of fundamental importance in establishing a diagnosis, determining the pathogen and subsequent treatment.

  Signs of infectious rashes in children

  The infectious nature of the rash is indicated by a number of symptoms accompanying the course of the disease. These signs include:

  

  • intoxication syndrome, which includes fever, weakness, malaise, lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting, headaches and muscle pains, etc.
  • signs of a specific disease, for example, with measles, Filatov-Koplik spots appear, with scarlet fever, limited redness of the throat and others are usually noted;
  • in most cases, in infectious diseases, it is possible to trace the cyclical course of the course, there are also cases of similar pathologies in family members of the patient, colleagues, friends and acquaintances, that is, people who have had close contact with him. But it should be borne in mind that the nature of the rash may coincide with various diseases.

  In children, an infectious rash is most often spread by contact or hematogenous pathways. Its development is associated with the rapid multiplication of pathogenic microbes on the baby's skin, their transfer through the blood plasma, infection of blood cells, the antigen-antibody reaction, as well as increased sensitivity to certain antigens that are secreted by bacteria that cause infection.

  Papular rashes, which later begin to get wet, are often caused by direct infection of the skin with pathogenic microorganisms or viruses. However, the same rash can appear under the influence of the immune system on the impact of the pathogen.

  Symptoms and treatment of infectious diseases. Video

  The appearance of a rash can be a symptom of a formidable, sometimes deadly disease. Skin reactions are typical not only for viral respiratory infections, but also for scarlet fever, meningococcal meningitis, and syphilitic lesions.

  Rashes appear with scabies, microsporias, and may not be infectious at all, for example, with cutaneous forms of systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic vasculitis and other diseases.

  

  Until a specialist examines the surface of the skin, it is strongly discouraged to use various external agents that can change the color, consistency of the elements. This behavior can make it difficult to make a correct diagnosis.

  Any rash is a reason for an immediate visit to a doctor in order to timely establish the cause of its appearance and prescribe etiotropic therapy.

  Childhood diseases such as rubella, chickenpox and measles have many other symptoms that doctors can diagnose. Often, the type of skin rash does not play a primary role. Let's see exactly what signs of these childhood infectious diseases exist in medicine:

  1. Chicken pox. Basically, children from two to seven years old are sick with chickenpox, less often adults. For the most part, doctors diagnose it by the type of rash on the skin and mucous membranes. There is severe itching and signs of general intoxication of the body.
  2. Measles. The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets and at first resembles a respiratory infection. The child has general intoxication, high fever, severe barking cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis is possible. The mucous membrane of the eye is affected, which is why the baby complains of pain in the eyes. A hallmark of measles: small white-red spots appear on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, which disappear after three days. After the onset of a skin rash on the fourth day of illness, the temperature rises again.
  3. Rubella. The main symptom is an increase in the occipital and posterior cervical lymph nodes. If the lymph nodes are slightly enlarged, doctors have to wait for another symptom - the appearance of a small rash. And since a rash with rubella may be completely absent, an increase in lymph nodes is considered to be the most important symptom of the disease. Rubella is usually well tolerated by children; it is dangerous only for pregnant women.

  Diagnosis of infectious rashes

  When diagnosing maculopapular rashes and non-vesicular rashes caused by a viral infection, the palms and feet become predominantly affected, which in other cases is quite rare.

  So, for bacterial and fungal infections, immune diseases, as well as with side effects on various drugs, such a lesion zone is absolutely not characteristic.

  

  An infectious rash in a child can accompany both acute and chronic disease. Of acute pathologies, rashes are most often manifested by measles, chickenpox, scarlet fever and others, and from chronic ones - tuberculosis, syphilis and others.

  In this case, the diagnostic significance of the elements of the rash may be different. So, in one case, the diagnosis can be made by only one characteristic rash, in others, the elements of the rash become a secondary diagnostic sign, and in the third, the rash is an atypical symptom.

  Treating eczema

  Put the baby to bed, measure the temperature and call a doctor at home. You cannot go to the children's clinic, because of the risk of infecting other children. If there is a suspicion of meningococcemia, you need to call an ambulance.

  If a child has a rash, then they give antihistamines. Cooling gels, anti-allergic ointments are applied externally.

  Dermatologists recommend combining the intake of an antihistamine by mouth with the external use of a cream or gel with the same active ingredient. Parents fear that such treatment will make the child drowsy and reduce academic performance.

  Antihistamines "Fenistil", "Claritin", "Erius", "Zirtek" have almost no sedative effect, they are better tolerated.

  

  Histamine is released by mast cells in the blood and tissues to help the immune system defend the body against pathogens and toxins. However, in some people, allergies result in an overreaction to harmless substances.

  Antihistamines block histamine receptors, prevent or relieve itching, swelling, skin redness, and watery eyes.

  Antihistamines are most effective for treating rash in acute urticaria. In chronic urticaria, such drugs help only 50% of patients.

  Antiallergic and anti-inflammatory effects are possessed by corticosteroid ointments. Externally applied drugs "Fenistil-gel", creams and ointments "Elokom", "Locoid", "Advantan", "Sinaflan", "Flucinar".

  Children are given enterosorbents to drink, for example, Enteros-gel or Lactofiltrum. Dietary supplements with lacto- and bifidobacteria are also taken internally.

  The translation of the name of the disease from ancient Greek sounds very simple - "skin rash". Infant eczema or atopic dermatitis appears before 6 months of age.

  On the child's cheeks, dense red spots are formed that do not have clear boundaries. The disease is manifested by itching, inflammation and dry skin on the face, on the wrists, under the knees.

  Redness, blisters, crusts, cracked skin are observed with all types of eczema.

  The acute phase in the idiopathic form of the disease is manifested by the formation of many vesicles. They open up, weeping begins, after which crusts and spots remain. Typical localization of true eczema is the face, hands, forearms, feet and knees. Rashes appear symmetrically on the body.

  Idiopathic, true eczema is the same as weeping lichen, chronic itchy dermatosis. A rough rash on the body of a one-year-old child is located on the face, arms and legs, on the chest and buttocks. Such stages of the eczematous process as erythema, vesicles, erosion, crusts are noted.

  • allergies to substances in food, mites, dust, mold, climate change;
  • diseases of the digestive system, endocrine system;
  • hereditary predisposition;
  • stress, psycho-emotional trauma.

  With the transition of the disease into a chronic course, the skin thickens, flakes off. Symptoms are aggravated in a climate unsuitable for a child, with excessive dry air. The influence of constant or seasonal action of allergens is noted.

  Therapeutic methods and means:

  1. Antihistamines that relieve itching and inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes.
  2. Resorcinol solution for cooling and astringent lotions.
  3. Antiallergic ointments, antiseptic solutions.
  4. Valerian tincture and other sedatives.
  5. Enterosorbents for cleansing the body of the allergen.
  6. Oral diuretics to reduce swelling.
  7. Hormonal ointments (GCS).
  8. Physiotherapy.

  Topical corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory and antitoxic effects. GCS are a part of Lokoid, Dermozolone, Ftorocort and Sikorten ointments.

  Combined products contain GCS and an antibiotic, are used for microbial eczema. Belong to this group of ointments "Kortomycetin", "Gyoksizon".

  The centuries-old fight against childhood infections reached a new level in the twentieth century, when methods of laboratory identification of pathogens appeared, antibacterial therapy became the norm in medical practice, and vaccine prophylaxis became widespread.

  Thus, when signs of a childhood infection are detected, the causative agent of the disease is first identified, and then therapeutic methods are used to combat viruses or bacteria and toxins that they release.

  However, treatment is always carried out in several directions, including it is aimed at maintaining the vital functions of the body, increasing the resistance of the immune system, and preventing complications.

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